Thomas Reid
Niektóre podstawowe przekonania, jak to, że świat zewnętrzny istnieje, to po prostu zdrowy rozsądek – nie możemy ich udowodnić, ale nie możemy bez nich żyć.
Umiejscowienie
Założyciel szkockiej szkoły zdrowego rozsądku: wbrew Hume’owi bronił pierwszych zasad, które każdy musi przyjmować za oczywiste, takich jak istnienie świata zewnętrznego.
Kluczowe idee
- Zdrowy rozsądek
- Realizm bezpośredni
- Krytyka „teorii idei”
Wpływ
Wpływ na 1
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
wpływ na
Jacobi drew on Scottish common-sense philosophy, Reid’s included, for his realist thesis in David Hume (1787) that perception gives immediate certainty of things, as M. Kuehn has shown. F. H. Jacobi, David Hume über den Glauben (1787); M. Kuehn, Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768–1800 (1987); G. di Giovanni, “Hume, Jacobi, and Common Sense” (1998)
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Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi › 1743–1819
Krytyka
Krytykuje 3
John Locke pod wpływem
pod wpływem
Reid kept Locke’s primary–secondary quality distinction but recast it: primary qualities are conceived directly, secondary only relatively (Essays on the Intellectual Powers, 1785). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764); Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785); SEP “Thomas Reid”
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krytykuje
With the ‘brave officer’ Reid argued that Locke’s memory criterion of personal identity breaks transitivity: the general would be and not be the flogged boy (Essays, 1785, III.6). T. Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), III.6; J. Locke, Essay II.xxvii; SEP “Thomas Reid”
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John Locke › 1632–1704
George Berkeley
krytykuje
Reid traced Berkeley’s denial of matter to the ‘ideal system’, the assumption that we perceive only ideas, which he rejected for common-sense direct realism (Inquiry, 1764). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Dedication, ch. I; Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), II.10; SEP “Thomas Reid”
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George Berkeley › 1685–1753
David Hume
krytykuje
Reid argued that Hume’s scepticism follows from the theory of ideas and answered it with first principles of common sense (Inquiry into the Human Mind, 1764). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Dedication, chs. I and VII; SEP “Thomas Reid”
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David Hume › 1711–1776
Dzieła
Zmysły dają nam sam świat, a nie tylko idee – wbrew sceptycyzmowi Berkeleya i Hume’a.
Stanowisko
Reid traced modern skepticism to one assumption shared by Descartes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume: that the mind perceives only its own ideas, never things themselves. Give up this “theory of ideas”, he argued, and perception turns out to be a direct grasp of the external world. Some principles – that there is an outer world, that memory is broadly reliable, that other people have minds – are first principles of common sense that all reasoning presupposes and none can prove. Doubting them is not more rigorous, merely inconsistent. His work founded the Scottish School of Common Sense and has found new defenders in contemporary epistemology.
Życie i kontekst
Thomas Reid was born in 1710 at Strachan near Aberdeen, studied at Marischal College and served for years as a parish minister. In 1751 he became a professor at King’s College, Aberdeen, where he helped found a philosophical society that debated Hume’s work. In 1764 he succeeded Adam Smith in the chair of moral philosophy at Glasgow. He died in Glasgow in 1796.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (1764)
- Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785)
- Essays on the Active Powers of Man (1788)
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