थॉमस लकमान
जिसे हम वास्तविकता मानते हैं वह साझा रोज़मर्रा के ज्ञान से बनता है, और आधुनिक जीवन में धर्म लुप्त नहीं होता बल्कि चर्चों से निकलकर निजी जीवन में चला जाता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
ज्ञान और धर्म के समाजशास्त्री, आज के स्लोवेनिया में जन्मे और मुख्यतः कॉन्स्टैन्ज़ में पढ़ाने वाले: बर्गर के साथ उन्होंने दिखाया कि रोज़मर्रा का ज्ञान सामाजिक वास्तविकता कैसे रचता है; आधुनिक समाजों में धर्म “अदृश्य” हो जाता है, चर्चों से परे अर्थ की एक निजी खोज।
मुख्य विचार
- वास्तविकता का सामाजिक निर्माण
- अदृश्य धर्म
- जीवन-जगत की संरचनाएँ (शुट्ज़ के साथ)
गुरु: आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 5
एमिल दुरकेम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Against a church-centred sociology of religion, Luckmann took up Durkheim’s functional view of religion as what binds individuals into a social order of meaning (The Invisible Religion, 1967). T. Luckmann, Das Problem der Religion in der modernen Gesellschaft (1963); The Invisible Religion (1967)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमिल दुरकेम › 1858–1917
एडमुंड हुसल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Luckmann continued Husserl’s analysis of the life-world in completing Schutz’s Structures of the Life-World (1975, 1984) and treated phenomenology as a ‘protosociology’ underlying social science. A. Schütz and T. Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt (1975, 1984); T. Luckmann, “Philosophie, Sozialwissenschaft und Alltagsleben” (1973); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एडमुंड हुसल › 1859–1938
जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
With Berger, Luckmann took over Mead’s account of socialisation through significant others and the ‘generalized other’, internalising society’s roles and norms (The Social Construction of Reality, 1966). P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (1966); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड › 1863–1931
मैक्स वेबर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
With Berger, Luckmann joined Weber’s subjective meaning of action to Durkheim’s social facts: society is a human product and an objective reality (The Social Construction of Reality, 1966). P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (1966), introduction; SEP “Max Weber”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़ जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Luckmann studied at the New School for Social Research in New York in the 1950s and attended Schutz’s courses; after Schutz’s death he completed Strukturen der Lebenswelt from his drafts (1975/1984). A. Schütz & T. Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt I (1975), preface
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़ › 1899–1959
कृतियाँ
ज्ञान के समाजशास्त्र में एक ग्रंथ: समाज मानवीय उत्पाद है, समाज वस्तुनिष्ठ वास्तविकता है, मनुष्य सामाजिक उत्पाद है।
- 1967अदृश्य धर्म
आधुनिक समाज में धर्म लुप्त नहीं होता; वह चर्चों से निकल जाता है और व्यक्तिगत अर्थ का निजी मामला बन जाता है।
मत
With Berger, Luckmann gave the sociology of knowledge a new subject: not the ideas of intellectuals but the everyday knowledge by which people orient themselves. Habits become institutions, institutions are legitimated by stories and theories, and each new generation internalises them as simply the way the world is; society is a human product and at the same time an objective reality. In his study of religion (German 1963; enlarged as The Invisible Religion, 1967) Luckmann criticised a sociology of religion that counted church attendance. Religion, he argued, is the capacity of human beings to transcend their biological nature by building worlds of meaning; in modern societies it does not disappear but leaves the churches and becomes a private assortment of meanings – the self, family, sexuality, self-realisation. Critics objected that so broad a concept of religion includes almost everything, even football. In Konstanz he turned to the sociology of communication and studied “communicative genres” – fixed patterns such as gossip, conversion stories or moral sermons – through which societies pass on knowledge and morality. His students, among them Hubert Knoblauch, built on this in what became known as “communicative constructivism”.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Thomas Luckmann was born in 1927 in Jesenice, then in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia from 1929), today in Slovenia, to an Austrian father and a Slovenian mother. He studied philosophy and linguistics in Vienna and Innsbruck and in 1950 emigrated to the United States, where he studied at the New School for Social Research in New York with Alfred Schutz and took his doctorate in 1956. After teaching at Hobart College and the New School he became professor in Frankfurt in 1965, and in 1970 at the new University of Konstanz, where he taught until 1994. Together with Peter L. Berger, his friend from the New School, he wrote The Social Construction of Reality (1966). After Schutz’s death he completed The Structures of the Life-World from Schutz’s notes (German 1975 and 1984). He died at his home in Carinthia in 2016.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Social Construction of Reality (with Peter L. Berger, 1966)
- The Invisible Religion (1967; German original 1963)
- The Structures of the Life-World (with Alfred Schutz, 1975/1984)
- Theory of Social Action (Theorie des sozialen Handelns, 1992)
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