Agora思想的公共广场

伊壁鸠鲁

公元前341—前270年

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

幸福是免于痛苦和恐惧；死亡没有什么可怕，因为我们不会在场去体验它。

定位

希腊化时期、罗马与古代晚期哲学 · 南欧 · 伦理学, 形而上学

幸福是免于痛苦和灵魂的宁静；对诸神和死亡的恐惧是没有根据的。

核心思想

  • 不动心（ataraxia）
  • “死亡与我们无关”
  • 原子论

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影响

受影响于 2

  • 德谟克利特

    受其影响 ✓

    Epicurus took over Democritus’ atoms and void, giving atoms weight and, by later reports, a swerve, and grounded on them an ethics free of fear of death. Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Menoeceus; Lucretius II.216–293; Cicero, De finibus I.17–21; SEP “Epicurus”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO

    德谟克利特 › 约公元前460—前370年年

  • 埃利斯的皮浪

    受其影响 存在争议 ✓

    Epicurus’ teacher Nausiphanes had heard Pyrrho, and Epicurus admired Pyrrho’s way of life, often asking about him; any doctrinal debt is disputed (Diogenes Laertius IX.64). Diogenes Laertius IX.64, IX.69, X.8; SEP “Pyrrho”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO

    埃利斯的皮浪 › 约公元前360—前270年年

影响了 4

  • 卢克莱修

    影响了

    Lucretius set out Epicurus’ physics and ethics in Latin hexameters, praising him as the Greek who first dared to defy religion (De rerum natura I.62–79, III.1–30). Lucretius, De rerum natura I.62–79, III.1–30, V.1–54; SEP “Lucretius”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    卢克莱修 › 约公元前99—前55年年

  • 塞涅卡

    影响了

    Seneca ended many early Letters to Lucilius with a saying of Epicurus, crossing into the enemy camp ‘not as a deserter but as a scout’ (Letter 2.5). Seneca, Epistulae morales 1–29, esp. 2.5; SEP “Seneca”

    依据: AI 草稿

    塞涅卡 › 约公元前4年—公元65年年

  • 皮埃尔·伽桑狄

    影响了 ✓

    Gassendi set out to revive Epicurus’ atomism and ethics of tranquillity, purged of what Christianity could not accept, in his Life of Epicurus (1647) and Syntagma philosophicum (1658). P. Gassendi, De vita et moribus Epicuri (1647); Animadversiones in decimum librum Diogenis Laertii (1649); Syntagma philosophicum (1658); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    皮埃尔·伽桑狄 › 1592–1655

  • 卡尔·马克思

    影响了

    Marx’s doctoral dissertation (1841) defended Epicurus’ swerve of the atoms against Democritus’ determinism, reading it as the principle of the freedom of self-consciousness. K. Marx, Differenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Naturphilosophie (dissertation, Jena 1841; printed 1902); SEP “Karl Marx”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883

批评

受批评于 2

  • 卡涅阿德斯

    受其批评

    Carneades objected that Epicurus needed no atomic swerve to save free will, since a voluntary movement of the mind needs no external cause. Cicero, De fato 23, 31–32

    依据: AI 草稿

    卡涅阿德斯 › 约公元前214—前129年年

  • 西塞罗

    受其批评

    Cicero rejected Epicurus’ ethics in On Ends II (45 BCE): pleasure cannot be the highest good, as it leaves no room for virtue for its own sake. Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum I–II; De natura deorum I.57–124

    依据: AI 草稿

    西塞罗 › 公元前106—前43年

批评了 1

  • 昔兰尼的阿里斯提普斯

    批评了 存在争议

    Epicurus held against the Cyrenaics that painless tranquillity, not only pleasure in motion, is the highest pleasure; whether this targets Aristippus himself is disputed. Diogenes Laertius 10.136–137; IEP “Cyrenaics”

    依据: AI 草稿

    昔兰尼的阿里斯提普斯 › 约公元前435—前356年年

作品

立场

Epicurus aimed to free people from fear and anxiety. Building on Democritus’ atomism, he taught that the gods do not interfere in the world and that death, the dissolution of the soul’s atoms, is “nothing to us”: where death is, we are not. The goal of life is pleasure, understood not as indulgence but as the absence of bodily pain and mental disturbance (ataraxia). It is reached through simple living, prudence and above all friendship; his “fourfold remedy” sums up the teaching. Lucretius carried it to Rome, and modern hedonism and utilitarianism owe much to it.

生平与背景

Epicurus was born on Samos to Athenian parents and taught in Mytilene and Lampsacus before settling in Athens around 306 BCE. There he bought a house with a garden, where he lived with friends – including women and slaves – in a community known simply as “the Garden”. Of his many writings, three letters and collections of maxims survive.

其他主要作品

  • Letter to Herodotus (c. 300 BCE)
  • Letter to Menoeceus (c. 300 BCE)
  • Principal Doctrines (c. 300 BCE)
  • On Nature (c. 300 BCE, fragments)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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