ऐना जूलिया कूपर
किसी जन की प्रगति उसकी अश्वेत स्त्रियों की स्थिति से मापी जाती है, जो नस्ल और लिंग का साथ-साथ सामना करती हैं और शिक्षा की अधिकारी हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
उत्तरी कैरोलिना में दासता में जन्मीं, 66 वर्ष की आयु में सोरबोन से डॉक्टरेट: “अ वॉइस फ़्रॉम द साउथ” तर्क देती है कि किसी जाति की प्रगति उसकी अश्वेत स्त्रियों की स्थिति से मापी जाती है – “जब और जहाँ मैं प्रवेश करती हूँ”।
मुख्य विचार
- “जब और जहाँ मैं प्रवेश करती हूँ”
- नस्ल और जेंडर साथ-साथ
- उत्थान के रूप में शिक्षा
प्रभाव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Du Bois quoted Cooper’s ‘when and where I enter’ passage, introduced only as ‘one of our women’, in ‘The Damnation of Women’ (Darkwater, 1920). W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Damnation of Women”, in Darkwater (1920); A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892); V. M. May, Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस › 1868–1963
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Collins counted Cooper among the founders of Black feminist thought, citing A Voice from the South (1892) on interlocking oppressions of race and gender (Black Feminist Thought, 1990). P. H. Collins, Black Feminist Thought (1990); A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892); SEP “Anna Julia Cooper”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स › जन्म 1948
बेल हुक्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Ain’t I a Woman (1981) hooks drew on Anna Julia Cooper’s A Voice from the South (1892), with Mary Church Terrell, for a tradition of Black women who confronted both the racism of white feminists and the sexism of Black men; the passage has not been checked here. b. hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (1981); A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेल हुक्स › 1952–2021
किम्बर्ले क्रेनशॉ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Crenshaw quoted Cooper’s ‘when and where I enter’ (A Voice from the South, 1892) against leaders who spoke for the race but not for Black women (1989). A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892); K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”, University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989); V. M. May, Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
किम्बर्ले क्रेनशॉ › जन्म 1959
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
अलेक्ज़ेंडर क्रमेल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Cooper took up Crummell’s address “The Black Woman of the South” (1883) in A Voice from the South (1892), challenged some of its claims and insisted on Black women speaking for themselves. A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892), “Womanhood a Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race”; SEP “Anna Julia Cooper” (K. S. Belle)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्ज़ेंडर क्रमेल › 1819–1898
कृतियाँ
“दक्षिण की एक अश्वेत स्त्री” के निबंध: केवल जब अश्वेत स्त्री बिना ज़बरदस्ती और अपमान के प्रवेश करती है, तभी पूरी जाति उसके साथ प्रवेश करती है।
मत
“A Voice from the South” (1892) is often regarded as the first book-length statement of what would later be called Black feminism. Cooper argues that the condition of Black women is the measure of the race’s progress: only the Black woman can say “when and where I enter, in the quiet, undisputed dignity of my womanhood … then and there the whole Negro race enters with me.” She criticises Black male leaders for ignoring women, white feminists for ignoring race, and American Christianity for its complicity with both. Cooper is now read as an early theorist of the intersection of race and gender, and Patricia Hill Collins cites her as a founder.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Anna Julia Cooper (1858–1964) was born into slavery in Raleigh, North Carolina. She studied at Oberlin College, taught Latin and mathematics in Washington, D.C., and was principal of the M Street High School, the leading Black secondary school in the country, until she was dismissed for insisting on a college-preparatory curriculum. In 1925, at sixty-six, she received a doctorate from the Sorbonne. She died at 105.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Voice from the South, by a Black Woman of the South (1892)
- Slavery and the French Revolutionists (doctoral thesis, 1925)
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