बेल हुक्स
नारीवाद में अश्वेत और ग़रीब स्त्रियों को शामिल करना चाहिए, क्योंकि नस्लवाद, पूँजीवाद और पितृसत्ता एक ही प्रणाली के रूप में काम करते हैं – और शिक्षा लोगों को मुक्त कर सकती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
अपनी परदादी के नाम से, छोटे अक्षरों में लिखती थीं: नारीवाद में अश्वेत और ग़रीब स्त्रियाँ शामिल होनी चाहिए; “साम्राज्यवादी श्वेत-वर्चस्ववादी पूँजीवादी पितृसत्ता” एक आपस में गुँथी हुई व्यवस्था है, और शिक्षा स्वतंत्रता का अभ्यास हो सकती है।
मुख्य विचार
- सबके लिए नारीवाद
- प्रभुत्व की आपस में गुँथी व्यवस्थाएँ
- स्वतंत्रता के अभ्यास के रूप में शिक्षा
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
ऐना जूलिया कूपर
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Ain’t I a Woman (1981) hooks drew on Anna Julia Cooper’s A Voice from the South (1892), with Mary Church Terrell, for a tradition of Black women who confronted both the racism of white feminists and the sexism of Black men; the passage has not been checked here. b. hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (1981); A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐना जूलिया कूपर › 1858–1964
ज़ोरा नील हर्स्टन
जिनसे प्रभावित
bell hooks read Hurston as an anthropologist and writer who preserved Black folk culture and its voice (‘Saving Black Folk Culture’, in Yearning, 1990). b. hooks, “Saving Black Folk Culture: Zora Neale Hurston as Anthropologist and Writer”, in Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics (1990)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़ोरा नील हर्स्टन › 1891–1960
पाउलो फ्रेइरे
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
bell hooks took up Freire’s critique of ‘banking’ education and his idea of conscientisation for an engaged pedagogy, teaching as a practice of freedom (Teaching to Transgress, 1994). b. hooks, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom (1994); P. Freire, Pedagogia do oprimido (1968)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
पाउलो फ्रेइरे › 1921–1997
ऑड्रे लॉर्ड
जिनसे प्रभावित
bell hooks took up Lorde’s call to transform silence into speech as the ground of ‘talking back’, citing her ‘A Litany for Survival’ (Talking Back, 1989). b. hooks, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (1989); A. Lorde, “The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action” (1977); “A Litany for Survival”, in The Black Unicorn (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऑड्रे लॉर्ड › 1934–1992
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Black Feminist Thought (1990) Collins drew on hooks’s Ain’t I a Woman (1981) and on the margin as a vantage for seeing the whole (1984). P. H. Collins, Black Feminist Thought (1990); b. hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (1981); Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स › जन्म 1948
किम्बर्ले क्रेनशॉ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Crenshaw drew on bell hooks’ analysis of how Black women are erased in both feminist and antiracist discourse (Ain’t I a Woman, 1981) in framing intersectionality (1989). K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”, University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989); b. hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
किम्बर्ले क्रेनशॉ › जन्म 1959
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों
जिनकी आलोचना की
In “Feminism as a Persistent Critique of History” (1996) hooks objected that Fanon’s vision of liberation is addressed to men and leaves out Black women and love between Black people, while stressing how much his work had meant to her. b. hooks, “Feminism as a Persistent Critique of History: What’s Love Got to Do with It?”, in A. Read (ed.), The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and Visual Representation (1996)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों › 1925–1961
कृतियाँ
अश्वेत स्त्रियों का लिंगवाद और नस्लवाद का अनुभव, दासता से उस नारीवाद तक जिसने उन्हें अनदेखा किया।
नारीवाद लिंगवादी उत्पीड़न को समाप्त करने के आंदोलन के रूप में, विशेषाधिकार-प्राप्त स्त्रियों की जीवन-शैली के रूप में नहीं।
मत
Her first book, “Ain’t I a Woman”, begun while she was an undergraduate, argued that American feminism had been shaped by white middle-class women and had ignored Black women, who faced sexism and racism at once; Black liberation movements, in turn, had reproduced patriarchy. “Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center” redefines feminism as “a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression”, a definition that includes men and does not depend on identity. hooks named the system she opposed “imperialist white-supremacist capitalist patriarchy”, insisting that its parts interlock and cannot be fought separately. Drawing on Paulo Freire, she described teaching as a practice of freedom.
जीवन और संदर्भ
bell hooks (1952–2021) was born Gloria Jean Watkins in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and studied at Stanford, Wisconsin and Santa Cruz. She wrote under the name of her great-grandmother, in lowercase to put the work before the author. She taught at Yale, Oberlin and the City College of New York before returning to Kentucky in 2004 to teach at Berea College, where the bell hooks Institute holds her papers.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (1981)
- Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984)
- Teaching to Transgress (1994)
- All About Love (2000)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘नारीवादी दर्शन’ · 11 में से पड़ाव 8
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