فرانسيس هاتشسون
يتيح لنا حسٌّ أخلاقي أن نستحسن الإحسان مباشرة، بصرف النظر عن مصلحتنا، كما يدرك حسٌّ باطني الجمال وحدةً في التنوع؛ ولا تُختزل الفضيلة في حب الذات، وأفضل الأفعال ما يحقق أكبر سعادة لأكبر عدد.
التموضع
فيلسوف إيرلندي المولد في دبلن وغلاسكو: يتيح لنا «حس أخلاقي» استحسان الإحسان مباشرة، كما يدرك حس الجمال الانسجام، دون حساب للمصلحة الذاتية؛ وأفضل الأفعال ما يحقق أكبر قدر من السعادة لأكبر عدد.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الحس الأخلاقي
- الإحسان في مواجهة الأنانية
- حس الجمال
- أكبر سعادة لأكبر عدد
التلاميذ: آدم سميث
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
أنتوني آشلي كوبر (شافتسبري)
تأثّر بـ
The title page of Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) states that in it ‘the principles of the late Earl of Shaftesbury are explain’d and defended’ against Mandeville. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
أنتوني آشلي كوبر (شافتسبري) › 1671–1713
أثّر في 3
ديفيد هيوم
أثّر في ✓
Hume grounded the morals of Treatise Book III (1740) in a moral sense, following Hutcheson, and discussed the manuscript with him in letters of 1739–40. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740), “Moral distinctions deriv’d from a moral sense”; letters to F. Hutcheson (1739–40), in Letters, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932); SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
ديفيد هيوم › 1711–1776
آدم سميث علّم
علّم
Smith studied at Glasgow from 1737 to 1740 and attended Hutcheson’s lectures on moral philosophy; in 1787 he still spoke of ‘the never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson’. A. Smith to A. Davidson, 16 Nov. 1787, in Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow ed.); I. S. Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (1995)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آدم سميث › 1723–1790
إيمانويل كانط
أثّر في ✓
In the Prize Essay (1764) Kant saw in Hutcheson’s ‘moral feeling’ a promising start towards the first material principles of morality, before developing his ethics of reason. I. Kant, Untersuchung über die Deutlichkeit der Grundsätze der natürlichen Theologie und der Moral (1764); SEP “Kant’s Moral Philosophy”
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
النقد
ينتقد 1
برنارد ماندفيل
انتقد
Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) defended Shaftesbury ‘against the Author of the Fable of the Bees’, arguing that a moral sense approves benevolence independently of self-interest. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page and Treatise II; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
برنارد ماندفيل › 1670–1733
الأعمال
رسالتان تدافعان عن شافتسبري ضد ماندفيل: حاسة باطنة تدرك الجمال بوصفه «وحدة وسط التنوع»، وحاسة أخلاقية تستحسن الإحسان بصرف النظر عن نفعنا؛ وأفضل الأفعال ما يحقق «أكبر سعادة لأكبر عدد».
خلاصة نُشرت بعد وفاته لمحاضراته في غلاسكو عن الحاسة الأخلاقية والحقوق الطبيعية والأسرة والحكم المدني؛ وأعاد معارضو الرق في أمريكا طباعة حججه ضد الرق الطبيعي والحربي والوراثي.
الموقف
Hutcheson is on the map as the systematic founder of moral sense theory and a teacher of the Scottish Enlightenment. Defending Shaftesbury against Mandeville, he argued in his “Inquiry” (1725) that we have, besides the external senses, inner senses: a sense of beauty, which perceives “uniformity amidst variety” in nature, art and mathematics, and a moral sense, which approves of benevolent motives immediately and disinterestedly, without regard to any advantage of our own. Virtue therefore cannot be reduced to self-love, as Hobbes and Mandeville claimed. In the same book he stated the principle that “that action is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers”, later central to utilitarianism. His “Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions” (1728) analysed the passions and refined the theory. In his posthumous “System of Moral Philosophy” (1755) he set out natural rights, including a right of resistance and conditions under which colonies may become independent, and rejected the usual justifications of slavery – natural, war and hereditary slavery – with arguments that opponents of slavery later reprinted in America. Hume corresponded with him about the Treatise, Smith studied with him, and Kant in the 1760s saw his moral feeling as a promising starting point before developing his own ethics of reason.
الحياة والسياق
Francis Hutcheson was born on 8 August 1694 at Drumalig in County Down, Ulster, the son of a Presbyterian minister. As a Dissenter he studied not at Trinity College Dublin but at the University of Glasgow (1711–17). Back in Ireland he ran a Dissenting academy in Dublin, where he wrote his first books in the circle of Robert Molesworth, a friend of Shaftesbury. In 1729 he was elected professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, where he was among the first to lecture in English rather than Latin; Adam Smith was one of his students. His liberal theology led to a heresy charge before the Glasgow presbytery in 1737–38, which came to nothing. He died in Dublin on 8 August 1746, during a visit to Ireland.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1728)
- Philosophiae moralis institutio compendiaria (1742)
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