ديمقريطس
يتألف العالم من جسيمات دقيقة غير قابلة للانقسام تتحرك في فراغ لا غير – والعقل الهادئ المبتهج هو خير حياة.
التموضع
مع لوقيبوس، مؤسس الذرّية: لا يوجد سوى الذرات والخلاء.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الذرّية
- الطمأنينة (إيثيميا)
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
برمانيدس
تأثّر بـ
With Leucippus, Democritus granted the Eleatics that nothing comes from nothing but posited void and indivisible atoms, so that plurality and motion become possible again. Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.8; SEP “Ancient Atomism”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
برمانيدس › نحو 515–450 ق.م
زينون الإيلي
تأثّر بـ
Democritus answered Eleatic arguments like Zeno’s, that infinite division dissolves bodies into nothing, by positing indivisible atoms (Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.2). Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.2; SEP “Ancient Atomism”; SEP “Zeno of Elea”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
زينون الإيلي › نحو 490–430 ق.م
أثّر في 6
أرسطو
أثّر في ✓
Aristotle treated Democritus as the earlier physicist who argued most from nature, discussing his atoms and void at length while rejecting both (On Generation and Corruption I.2, I.8). Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.2, I.8; Physics IV.6–9; SEP “Democritus”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
بيرو
أثّر في
Pyrrho studied with the Democritean Anaxarchus, and Philo of Athens said he cited Democritus most; Democritus’ distrust of the senses is a likely source of his scepticism. Diogenes Laertius IX.61, IX.67; Democritus, DK 68 B9, B117; SEP “Pyrrho”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بيرو › نحو 360–270 ق.م
إبيقور
أثّر في ✓
Epicurus took over Democritus’ atoms and void, giving atoms weight and, by later reports, a swerve, and grounded on them an ethics free of fear of death. Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Menoeceus; Lucretius II.216–293; Cicero, De finibus I.17–21; SEP “Epicurus”
إبيقور › 341–270 ق.م
لوكريتيوس
أثّر في
Through Epicurus Lucretius took up Democritus’ atoms and void, naming him with respect while rejecting his view that soul and body atoms alternate (De rerum natura III.370–395). Lucretius, De rerum natura III.370–395, V.621–636; SEP “Lucretius”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوكريتيوس › نحو 99–55 ق.م
أبو بكر الرازي
أثّر في مختلف عليها
Al-Razi taught that bodies consist of indivisible atoms and void; whether his atomism derives from Democritus through Greek sources or from other traditions is disputed. S. Pines, Beiträge zur islamischen Atomenlehre (1936); P. Adamson, Al-Razi (2021)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أبو بكر الرازي › نحو 865–925
فرانسيس بيكون
أثّر في
Bacon praised the school of Democritus for dissecting nature rather than abstracting from it (New Organon, 1620) and discussed his atoms in On Principles and Origins (c. 1612). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620); De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Francis Bacon”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
فرانسيس بيكون › 1561–1626
الموقف
Democritus answered the Eleatic challenge with a bold model: reality consists of atoms – tiny, indivisible, unchangeable bodies – and the void in which they move. Atoms differ only in shape, arrangement and position; their collisions and combinations produce all things, including countless worlds. Colours, tastes and warmth exist only “by convention”; in truth there are only atoms and void. In ethics he praised cheerfulness (euthymia), a calm and well-balanced state of the soul. Through Epicurus and Lucretius, atomism survived antiquity and returned in the early modern science of Gassendi, Boyle and Newton.
الحياة والسياق
Democritus came from Abdera in Thrace and, according to tradition, travelled widely and lived to a great age. He developed atomic theory together with his teacher Leucippus. He was extremely prolific – ancient catalogues list some seventy works on ethics, physics, mathematics and music – but only fragments survive, many of them ethical maxims.
الأعمال الرئيسة
- The Little World-System (lost, c. 420 BCE)
- On Cheerfulness (lost, c. 420 BCE)
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