忒拜的克拉特斯
财产和习俗使我们依赖他人；几乎一无所需的人是自由的——并且可以毫无羞耻地生活、去爱和坦率地说话。
定位
来自忒拜的犬儒派，他散尽财产，在雅典过着乞丐哲学家的生活：因他走进人家去调解纠纷而被称为“开门人”，他写诗赞美乞丐的行囊，与犬儒派哲学家希帕基娅共同生活，并教导了斯多葛学派的创立者基提翁的芝诺。
核心思想
- 贫穷即自由
- 《行囊》（Pēra）：诗歌与戏仿
- 与希帕基娅的犬儒式婚姻
- 基提翁的芝诺的老师
老师: 锡诺普的第欧根尼
影响
受影响于 1
锡诺普的第欧根尼 师从
师从 存在争议 后世传述 ✓
Known only from later tradition (Diogenes Laertius 6.85), which also reports Hippobotus’ view that Crates was a pupil not of Diogenes but of Bryson. Diogenes Laertius 6.85
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
锡诺普的第欧根尼 › 约公元前412—前323年年
影响了 2
马罗尼亚的希帕基娅 教过
教过
Her shared Cynic life with Crates is attested by his contemporary Menander (Twin Sisters, quoted in Diogenes Laertius 6.93); how she became his pupil is told only by Diogenes Laertius (6.96–98). Menander, Didymai (in Diogenes Laertius 6.93); Diogenes Laertius 6.96–98
依据: AI 草稿
马罗尼亚的希帕基娅 › 约公元前350—前280年年
基提翁的芝诺 教过
教过 后世传述
Known from later tradition (Diogenes Laertius 7.2–4, with the legendary bookshop story); a lost ‘Memoirs of Crates’ listed among Zeno’s works (7.4) and his Cynic-leaning Republic make a real connection plausible. Diogenes Laertius 7.2–4; SEP “Zeno of Citium”
依据: AI 草稿
基提翁的芝诺 › 约公元前334—前262年年
立场
Crates kept Diogenes’ rejection of wealth, rank and convention but is remembered for a milder manner. Diogenes Laertius reports that he was called the “door-opener” (thyrepanoiktēs) because he entered any house and gave advice, and later writers describe him settling family quarrels. He wrote verse, and some of it survives in quotations. The “Wallet” (Pēra) parodies Homer’s description of Crete to describe an island of frugality where no one goes to war or sails for profit; another poem turns Solon’s prayer to the Muses into a prayer for simple food and freedom from greed. His teaching was practical. Freedom comes from needing little, from training body and mind to bear hardship, and from frank speech (parrhēsia), and a philosopher owes no respect to opinions about shame. Ancient writers report that he and Hipparchia lived as a couple in public view, the sharpest demonstration of that indifference. Through Zeno he is the main link between Cynicism and Stoicism: Zeno’s Republic, which did away with temples, law courts and money, was mocked as a work inscribed on a dog’s tail. Letters circulating under Crates’ name, several of them addressed to Hipparchia, were composed centuries later.
生平与背景
Crates was born in Thebes in Boeotia around 365 BCE into a wealthy family; Diogenes Laertius places his prime in the years 328–325 BCE. Almost everything known about him comes from the anecdotes Diogenes Laertius collected (VI 85–98). One story says he turned his estate into money and distributed it among his fellow citizens; another, that he left it with a banker, to go to his sons if they grew up ordinary men and to the people if they became philosophers. Most sources make him a pupil of Diogenes of Sinope, but Hippobotus, quoted by Diogenes Laertius, names Bryson the Achaean instead. He lived in Athens as a Cynic, with cloak, staff and wallet. Hipparchia of Maroneia, the sister of his pupil Metrocles, insisted on marrying him against her family’s wishes and shared his way of life; they had a son, Pasicles. Zeno of Citium, who had come to Athens after a shipwreck, became his pupil before founding the Stoa. Crates died at an advanced age and was buried in Boeotia.
主要作品
- No complete work survives; fragments of poems quoted by Diogenes Laertius, Plutarch and others, among them the “Wallet” (Pēra) and parodies of Homer and Solon
- Letters attributed to him (part of the “Cynic Epistles”, written centuries later)
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