荀子
人生来自私，只有教育、礼和努力才使人变善——道德是人的成就，而不是自然的赐予。
定位
人性本恶——只有教育和礼才能塑造人。
核心思想
- 性恶
- 礼作为塑造
学生: 韩非子
影响
受影响于 1
孔子
受其影响
Xunzi honoured Confucius as the sage not blinded by partial views and built on his teaching of ritual (li) and learning; the Xunzi opens with ‘Encouraging Learning’. Xunzi, “Quanxue”, “Jiebi”, tr. E. Hutton, Xunzi: The Complete Text (2014); SEP “Xunzi”
依据: AI 草稿
孔子 › 相传 公元前551—前479年
影响了 2
荻生徂徠
影响了
Ogyū Sorai’s view that the Way consists of rites and institutions invented by the ancient sage-kings is close to Xunzi’s, as scholars note (Bendō, 1717). Ogyū Sorai, Bendō (1717); J. A. Tucker, Ogyū Sorai’s Philosophical Masterworks (2006); SEP “Japanese Confucian Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
荻生徂徠 › 1666–1728
批评
批评了 4
墨子
批评了
Xunzi held that Mozi was so fixed on utility that he failed to appreciate culture, defending ritual and music against Mohist frugality (Xunzi 10, 20, 21). Xunzi, chs. 10 ‘Fuguo’, 20 ‘Yuelun’, 21 ‘Jiebi’; SEP “Xunzi”
依据: AI 草稿
墨子 › 约公元前470—前391年年
孟子
批评了
Xunzi rejected Mencius’ view that human nature is good: goodness is the product of deliberate effort (wei), rites and teachers (Xunzi 23, ‘Xing e’). Xunzi, ch. 23 ‘Xing e’; SEP “Xunzi”
依据: AI 草稿
孟子 › 约公元前372—前289年年
惠施
批评了
Xunzi charged that Hui Shi was carried away by words and failed to grasp reality, and counted him among the masters who misled the world (Xunzi 6, 21). Xunzi, ch. 6 ‘Fei shier zi’, ch. 21 ‘Jiebi’; SEP “School of Names”
依据: AI 草稿
惠施 › 约公元前370—前310年年
公孙龙
批评了
Xunzi’s ‘Rectification of Names’ classed paradoxes such as ‘an ox-horse is not a horse’, linked to Gongsun Long’s school, as misusing names to confuse reality (Xunzi 22). Xunzi, ch. 22 ‘Zhengming’; SEP “School of Names”
依据: AI 草稿
公孙龙 › 约公元前325—前250年年
作品
- 约公元前240年年荀子
人性是恶的；善是后天习得的。
立场
Xunzi was the great systematiser of classical Confucianism and Mencius’ chief opponent: human nature is bad, meaning that we are born with desires that, left unchecked, lead to conflict and disorder. Goodness is the product of deliberate effort – of learning, ritual and music, devised by the sages to shape and refine our desires, as a craftsman straightens warped wood. Heaven is simply the regular course of nature, not a moral will that answers prayers. His rationalist, education-centred Confucianism was highly influential under the Han dynasty, though later overshadowed by Mencius.
生平与背景
Xunzi (Xun Kuang) came from the state of Zhao and taught for years at the Jixia academy in Qi, one of the intellectual centres of the Warring States period. He later served as magistrate of Lanling in the state of Chu. Among his pupils were Han Feizi and Li Si, who became chief minister of the Qin dynasty.
其他主要作品
- Xunzi (c. 3rd century BCE)
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