公孙龙
名与物并不简单地对应：白马不是马，因为这两个名称所指的是不同的东西。
定位
名家的逻辑学家，以“白马非马”的对话闻名：论名、类与物之间的关系。
核心思想
- 白马论
- 名与实
- 指与物（zhi）
批评
受批评于 1
荀子
受其批评
Xunzi’s ‘Rectification of Names’ classed paradoxes such as ‘an ox-horse is not a horse’, linked to Gongsun Long’s school, as misusing names to confuse reality (Xunzi 22). Xunzi, ch. 22 ‘Zhengming’; SEP “School of Names”
依据: AI 草稿
荀子 › 约公元前310—前235年年
作品
- 约公元前270年年公孙龙子（白马论）
关于名与物的对话；最著名的一篇论证“白马”与“马”所指不同。
立场
Gongsun Long is the most famous logician of the School of Names. His best-known argument holds that “a white horse is not a horse”: “horse” names a shape, “white” a colour, and naming colour and shape together is not naming shape alone – ask for a horse and a yellow one will do, but not if you ask for a white horse. He also argues that a stone’s hardness and whiteness are separate, known by touch and by sight, and explores how names “point” to things (zhi). Whether he was a philosopher of language or a sophist is debated. Xunzi and the later Mohists rejected such arguments as confusing names.
生平与背景
Gongsun Long was active in the 3rd century BCE; his dates (c. 325–250 BCE) are approximate. He came from the state of Zhao and served as a retainer of its prince, the Lord of Pingyuan. Sources report that he urged rulers to disarm and debated the white horse with Kong Chuan, a descendant of Confucius. Only part of his book survives, and some chapters may be later.
其他主要作品
- Gongsun Longzi (White Horse Dialogue and other chapters, c. 3rd century BCE; six chapters survive, the authenticity of some disputed)
- On Hard and White (Jianbai lun, chapter of the Gongsun Longzi)
- On Pointing and Things (Zhiwu lun, chapter of the Gongsun Longzi)
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