墨子

Agora

墨子

约公元前470—前391年年

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

我们应当平等地关爱每一个人，而不是偏爱自己的家人——并且以是否对人们有利来评判每一个行为。

定位

东亚哲学 · 东亚 · 伦理学, 政治与法

以不偏私的关爱取代对亲人的偏爱；一种早期的后果主义。

核心思想

兼爱
非攻（反对侵略战争）

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批评

受批评于 3

孟子

受其批评
Mencius condemned Mozi’s impartial love as denying one’s father – no better than the beasts – and set out to refute the Mohists and Yang Zhu (Mengzi 3B9). Mengzi 3B9, 7A26; SEP “Mencius”
依据: AI 草稿
孟子 › 约公元前372—前289年年
庄子

受其批评
The Zhuangzi treats the Confucian–Mohist quarrels over ‘right and wrong’ as bound to perspective (ch. 2) and judges Mozi’s austerity too harsh for human nature (ch. 33). Zhuangzi, ch. 2 ‘Qiwulun’, ch. 33 ‘Tianxia’; SEP “Zhuangzi”
依据: AI 草稿
庄子 › 约公元前369—前286年年
荀子

受其批评
Xunzi held that Mozi was so fixed on utility that he failed to appreciate culture, defending ritual and music against Mohist frugality (Xunzi 10, 20, 21). Xunzi, chs. 10 ‘Fuguo’, 20 ‘Yuelun’, 21 ‘Jiebi’; SEP “Xunzi”
依据: AI 草稿
荀子 › 约公元前310—前235年年

批评了 1

孔子受其影响

受其影响
According to the Huainanzi (139 BCE) Mozi studied with the Confucians but left them, finding their rites burdensome, and turned from the Zhou model to that of Xia. Huainanzi, “Yaolüe” (139 BCE), tr. J. S. Major et al., The Huainanzi (2010); SEP “Mohism”
依据: AI 草稿
批评了
Mozi attacked the Confucians’ lavish funerals, long mourning and music as wasteful, and set impartial concern for all (jian’ai) against graded, family-first care. Mozi, chs. 25 ‘Jie zang’, 32 ‘Fei yue’, 39 ‘Fei Ru’; SEP “Mohism”
依据: AI 草稿
孔子 › 相传公元前551—前479年

作品

约公元前400年年墨子
反对战争、奢靡和儒家的亲疏有别：兼爱。
约公元前300年年墨经
由墨子的后学编成：关于逻辑、伦理、光学和几何学的定义与论证——中国早期最系统的逻辑学著作。

立场

Mozi was the first great critic of Confucianism. He rejected its graded love, centred on the family, in favour of jian ai, impartial or inclusive care for all people. Actions and institutions are to be judged by their consequences – whether they benefit the people by bringing wealth, order and a growing population. On this basis he condemned offensive war, lavish funerals and costly court music as harmful waste. He also argued that Heaven wills impartial care and rewards those who practise it. His consequentialist reasoning and the later Mohists’ work on logic and argument make him one of the most original thinkers of ancient China.

生平与背景

Mozi (Mo Di) lived in the fifth century BCE, shortly after Confucius; he may have come from a background of craftsmen. He founded a tightly organised movement whose members were known as skilled engineers of defensive warfare and travelled to help besieged cities. The Mohist school flourished for about two centuries and then disappeared.