费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基

Agora

费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基

1821–1881

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在陀思妥耶夫斯基看来，问题在于没有上帝，是否一切都被允许——他的小说把自由展现为一种人们想要放弃的重负。

定位

生命哲学与存在哲学 · 东欧 · 存在与自我, 宗教, 伦理学

作为哲学家的小说家：自由、罪责，以及没有上帝是否一切都被允许的问题。

核心思想

大审判官
地下室人
苦难与自由

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影响

影响了 6

弗里德里希·尼采

影响了 ✓
Nietzsche discovered Dostoevsky in 1887 in a French translation (L’Esprit souterrain) and in Twilight of the Idols (1889) called him a psychologist he had learned from. F. Nietzsche, letter to F. Overbeck, Feb. 1887; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Streifzüge eines Unzeitgemässen”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
弗拉基米尔·索洛维约夫

影响了
Solovyov travelled with Dostoevsky to Optina Pustyn in 1878 and in Three Speeches in Memory of Dostoevsky (1881–83) honoured him as a religious thinker of universal Christian unity. V. Solovyov, Tri rechi v pamiat Dostoevskogo (1881–83); SEP “Vladimir Solov’ëv”
依据: AI 草稿
弗拉基米尔·索洛维约夫 › 1853–1900
列夫·舍斯托夫

影响了 ✓
In Dostoevsky and Nietzsche: The Philosophy of Tragedy (1903) Shestov read Notes from Underground as Dostoevsky’s break with idealism, the start of a ‘philosophy of tragedy’. L. Shestov, Dostoevskij i Nitshe. Filosofija tragedii (1903)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
列夫·舍斯托夫 › 1866–1938
尼古拉·别尔嘉耶夫

影响了 ✓
In Dostoevsky’s Worldview (1923) Berdyaev read Dostoevsky as a thinker of human freedom, for whom evil is the tragic consequence of freedom. N. Berdyaev, Mirosozertsanie Dostoevskogo (1923), tr. D. Attwater, Dostoevsky: An Interpretation (1934)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
尼古拉·别尔嘉耶夫 › 1874–1948
米哈伊尔·巴赫金

影响了 ✓
In his Dostoevsky book (1929; revised 1963) Bakhtin argued that the novelist lets independent voices meet without subordinating them to one authorial truth, and called this polyphony. M. M. Bakhtin, Problemy tvorčestva Dostoevskogo (1929); Problemy poėtiki Dostoevskogo (1963)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
米哈伊尔·巴赫金 › 1895–1975
阿尔贝·加缪

影响了 ✓
In The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) Camus read Dostoevsky’s Kirillov as a figure of absurd logic, and he adapted Demons for the stage (Les Possédés, 1959). A. Camus, Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942), “Kirilov”; Les Possédés (1959); SEP “Albert Camus”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
阿尔贝·加缪 › 1913–1960

批评

批评了 1

尼古拉·车尔尼雪夫斯基

批评了
Dostoevsky’s underground man (Notes from Underground, 1864) mocks the rational egoism and ‘crystal palace’ of Chernyshevsky’s What Is to Be Done?, valuing free will above advantage. F. Dostoevsky, Zapiski iz podpol’ya (1864), Part I, chs. 7–10; N. Chernyshevsky, Chto delat’? (1863); J. Frank, Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865 (1986)
依据: AI 草稿
尼古拉·车尔尼雪夫斯基 › 1828–1889

作品

1864地下室手记
人宁愿自由，也不愿理性。
1880卡拉马佐夫兄弟
如果没有上帝，一切是否都被允许？——其中有“宗教大法官”的传说。

立场

Dostoevsky was a novelist, not a systematic philosopher, yet his novels became a point of reference for modern thought. His Underground Man rebels against the dream of a society organised by reason and self-interest: humans would rather act against their advantage than be a piano key in a rational plan. His novels test what happens when people cast off God – Raskolnikov’s murder “on principle”, Ivan Karamazov’s question whether everything is then permitted, and the Grand Inquisitor who offers bread and security in exchange for freedom. Against this he set suffering, humility and active love. Nietzsche, the existentialists and twentieth-century theology all learned from him.

生平与背景

Dostoevsky, a doctor’s son from Moscow, joined a socialist discussion circle and was sentenced to death in 1849; at the last moment the execution was revealed as staged, and he served four years of hard labour in Siberia. Returning with a deepened Orthodox faith, he wrote his great novels amid epilepsy, debt and gambling. He died in St Petersburg shortly after completing The Brothers Karamazov.