马克斯·霍克海默
理论不应只是描述社会，而应批判社会，目的是改变它——而沦为单纯工具的理性会变得危险。
定位
领导法兰克福社会研究所：提出了一种社会批判理论的纲领。
核心思想
- 批判理论与传统理论
- 工具理性
影响
受影响于 4
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响
Horkheimer took his doctorate (1922) and habilitation (1925) under Hans Cornelius with studies of Kant’s Critique of Judgement as the link between theoretical and practical philosophy. M. Horkheimer, Zur Antinomie der teleologischen Urteilskraft (1922); Über Kants Kritik der Urteilskraft als Bindeglied zwischen theoretischer und praktischer Philosophie (1925)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响
In his inaugural lecture as director of the Institute for Social Research (1931) Horkheimer traced social philosophy back to Hegel’s objective spirit, to be renewed through interdisciplinary research. M. Horkheimer, “Die gegenwärtige Lage der Sozialphilosophie und die Aufgaben eines Instituts für Sozialforschung” (1931); SEP “Critical Theory”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
亚瑟·叔本华
受其影响
Horkheimer, who read Schopenhauer from his youth, valued his pessimism and ethics of compassion as a corrective to optimistic philosophies of history (‘Die Aktualität Schopenhauers’, 1961). M. Horkheimer, “Schopenhauer und die Gesellschaft” (1955); “Die Aktualität Schopenhauers” (1961); A. Schmidt, Drei Studien über Materialismus (1977)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
亚瑟·叔本华 › 1788–1860
卡尔·马克思
受其影响
Horkheimer took Marx’s critique of political economy as the model of a ‘critical theory’ of society, as opposed to traditional theory (‘Traditional and Critical Theory’, 1937). M. Horkheimer, “Traditionelle und kritische Theorie”, Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 6 (1937); SEP “Critical Theory”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
影响了 3
西奥多·W. 阿多诺
影响了 ✓
With Horkheimer, Adorno worked out the thesis that enlightenment reverts to mythology and the critique of the culture industry (Dialectic of Enlightenment, 1944/47). M. Horkheimer and T. W. Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung (mimeographed 1944, publ. 1947); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
西奥多·W. 阿多诺 › 1903–1969
尤尔根·哈贝马斯
影响了 ✓
Habermas continued Horkheimer’s programme of an interdisciplinary critical theory but replaced his critique of instrumental reason with a theory of communicative rationality (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981); M. Horkheimer, “Traditionelle und kritische Theorie” (1937); Eclipse of Reason (1947)
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026
阿克塞尔·霍耐特
影响了 ✓
Honneth reconstructed Horkheimer’s early programme of an interdisciplinary social theory in Kritik der Macht (1985) and later directed the Institute for Social Research Horkheimer had led. A. Honneth, Kritik der Macht (1985); “Eine soziale Pathologie der Vernunft”, in Pathologien der Vernunft (2007)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
阿克塞尔·霍耐特 › 1949年生
作品
立场
Horkheimer defined the program of the Frankfurt School. “Traditional theory” treats society like nature, as a set of facts to be described; “critical theory” recognises that knowledge is itself part of social practice and aims at a society free of domination. This called for interdisciplinary work uniting philosophy, sociology, psychoanalysis and economics. With Adorno he wrote Dialectic of Enlightenment, which asked why enlightened modernity produced fascism. In Eclipse of Reason he criticised “instrumental reason”, which only calculates means and can no longer judge ends. In later years he became more pessimistic and voiced a “longing for the wholly other”.
生平与背景
The son of a Stuttgart manufacturer, Horkheimer became director of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt in 1930 and made it the home of Critical Theory. After 1933 he led the institute in exile in Geneva, New York and California. Returning to Frankfurt after the war, he re-founded the institute and served as rector of the university.
其他主要作品
- Traditional and Critical Theory (1937)
- Dialectic of Enlightenment, with Adorno (1944)
- Eclipse of Reason (1947)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘黑格尔的继承者’ · 第 7 站，共 10 站
- 旅程 ‘国家社会主义时期的哲学’ · 第 9 站，共 10 站
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