菲利帕·富特
人的善就像植物和动物的健康一样，根植于我们这类生物为了好好生活所需要的东西。
定位
提出了电车难题，并创立了一种自然主义的德性伦理学。
核心思想
- 电车难题
- 自然的善
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响 ✓
Foot built on Aristotle’s link between virtue and the good of living things: human virtues are natural goodness relative to the human life form (Natural Goodness, 2001). P. Foot, Natural Goodness (2001); Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (1978); SEP “Philippa Foot”
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
托马斯·阿奎那
受其影响 ✓
Foot turned to Aquinas, alongside Aristotle, for an account of the virtues as beneficial dispositions that correct temptations and deficiencies of human nature (‘Virtues and Vices’, 1978). P. Foot, “Virtues and Vices”, in Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (1978); SEP “Philippa Foot”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
托马斯·阿奎那 › 约1225–1274年
路德维希·维特根斯坦
受其影响 ✓
Foot, influenced by Wittgenstein through Anscombe, argued that moral terms like ‘rude’ have criteria of application fixed by use, against the fact–value gap (‘Moral Arguments’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59); SEP “Philippa Foot”
路德维希·维特根斯坦 › 1889–1951
G. E. M. 安斯康姆
受其影响
Foot took up Anscombe’s call for an ethics of the virtues and her ‘Aristotelian necessities’, grounding moral evaluation in facts about human life (Natural Goodness, 2001). P. Foot, Natural Goodness (2001); G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958); “On Promising and Its Justice” (1969); SEP “Philippa Foot”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
G. E. M. 安斯康姆 › 1919–2001
影响了 1
朱迪斯·贾维斯·汤姆森
影响了
Thomson named the runaway tram of Foot’s essay on double effect (1967) the ‘trolley problem’ and set it against a transplant case (1976; ‘The Trolley Problem’, 1985). J. J. Thomson, “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem”, The Monist 59 (1976); “The Trolley Problem”, Yale Law Journal 94 (1985); P. Foot, “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect”, Oxford Review 5 (1967); SEP “Doctrine of Double Effect”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
朱迪斯·贾维斯·汤姆森 › 1929–2020
批评
批评了 1
R. M. 黑尔
批评了
Foot argued against Hare that not just anything can count as a moral reason: moral terms are tied to facts about human good and harm (‘Moral Beliefs’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59)
依据: AI 草稿
R. M. 黑尔 › 1919–2002
作品
- 1967堕胎问题与双重效应学说
电车难题诞生于这篇文章。
- 2001自然的善
道德上的善就是自然的善，如同一棵橡树的根。
立场
Foot opposed the view, dominant at Oxford, that moral judgments merely express attitudes or prescriptions that anyone can choose freely. Words like “rude” or “courageous,” she argued, have criteria of application that cannot be bent at will. In a 1967 essay on abortion and the doctrine of double effect she devised the case that became famous as the trolley problem: may one steer a runaway tram onto a track where it kills one person instead of five? Her late work Natural Goodness grounds ethics in a naturalistic virtue ethics: just as the roots of an oak can be good or defective, human beings can be good or deficient as the kind of living beings they are. She was one of the founders of modern virtue ethics.
生平与背景
Philippa Foot, née Bosanquet, was born in 1920 and studied at Somerville College, Oxford, where she taught for decades. With Elizabeth Anscombe, Iris Murdoch and Mary Midgley she belonged to a remarkable circle of Oxford women philosophers. From the 1970s she also taught at the University of California, Los Angeles. She died in 2010 on her ninetieth birthday.
其他主要作品
- Moral Beliefs (1958)
- The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect (1967)
- Virtues and Vices (1978)
- Natural Goodness (2001)
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