朱迪斯·贾维斯·汤姆森

Agora

朱迪斯·贾维斯·汤姆森

1929–2020

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

即使胎儿拥有生命权，这种权利也不包括使用另一个人的身体——所以即使胎儿是人，堕胎也可以是允许的。

定位

分析哲学 · 北美 · 伦理学

麻省理工学院的道德哲学家：她的小提琴家思想实验把生命权与使用他人身体的权利区分开来；她给富特那辆失控的电车起了“电车难题”这一名字。

核心思想

小提琴家论证
电车难题
权利与允许性

在星图中打开

影响

受影响于 1

菲利帕·富特

受其影响
Thomson named the runaway tram of Foot’s essay on double effect (1967) the ‘trolley problem’ and set it against a transplant case (1976; ‘The Trolley Problem’, 1985). J. J. Thomson, “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem”, The Monist 59 (1976); “The Trolley Problem”, Yale Law Journal 94 (1985); P. Foot, “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect”, Oxford Review 5 (1967); SEP “Doctrine of Double Effect”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
菲利帕·富特 › 1920–2010

作品

1971为堕胎辩护
即使胎儿是一个人，生命权也不包括使用他人身体的权利——小提琴家的例子。
1976杀死、任其死亡与电车难题
为什么司机可以转动电车去杀死一个人，而外科医生却不可以为救五个人而杀死一个病人？决定的是权利，而不是数字。

立场

Her 1971 article “A Defense of Abortion” changed the debate by granting, for the sake of argument, that the fetus is a person. Imagine you wake up connected to a famous violinist who will die unless he uses your kidneys for nine months: you would be generous to stay, but you are not obliged to, because the right to life does not include the right to use another person’s body. So abortion can be permissible even if the fetus is a person. In “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem” she took up Foot’s runaway tram, named it, and asked why one may divert the trolley to kill one rather than five but may not kill one patient to save five with his organs.

生平与背景

Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929–2020) was born in New York, studied at Barnard, Cambridge and Columbia, and taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1964 until her retirement. She was one of the first women to hold a senior position in American analytic philosophy and served as president of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association. Her work ranges over metaphysics, the theory of action and, above all, moral philosophy.