فيليبا فوت
الخير عند البشر كالصحة عند النباتات والحيوانات، متجذر في ما يحتاجه جنسنا من الكائنات ليحيا حياة طيبة.
التموضع
اخترعت مشكلة العربة وأسست أخلاق فضيلة طبيعانية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- مشكلة العربة
- الخيرية الطبيعية
التأثير
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أرسطو
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Foot built on Aristotle’s link between virtue and the good of living things: human virtues are natural goodness relative to the human life form (Natural Goodness, 2001). P. Foot, Natural Goodness (2001); Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (1978); SEP “Philippa Foot”
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
توما الأكويني
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Foot turned to Aquinas, alongside Aristotle, for an account of the virtues as beneficial dispositions that correct temptations and deficiencies of human nature (‘Virtues and Vices’, 1978). P. Foot, “Virtues and Vices”, in Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (1978); SEP “Philippa Foot”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
توما الأكويني › نحو 1225–1274
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين
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Foot, influenced by Wittgenstein through Anscombe, argued that moral terms like ‘rude’ have criteria of application fixed by use, against the fact–value gap (‘Moral Arguments’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59); SEP “Philippa Foot”
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين › 1889–1951
إليزابيث أنسكوم
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Foot took up Anscombe’s call for an ethics of the virtues and her ‘Aristotelian necessities’, grounding moral evaluation in facts about human life (Natural Goodness, 2001). P. Foot, Natural Goodness (2001); G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958); “On Promising and Its Justice” (1969); SEP “Philippa Foot”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
إليزابيث أنسكوم › 1919–2001
أثّر في 1
جوديث جارفيس طومسون
أثّر في
Thomson named the runaway tram of Foot’s essay on double effect (1967) the ‘trolley problem’ and set it against a transplant case (1976; ‘The Trolley Problem’, 1985). J. J. Thomson, “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem”, The Monist 59 (1976); “The Trolley Problem”, Yale Law Journal 94 (1985); P. Foot, “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect”, Oxford Review 5 (1967); SEP “Doctrine of Double Effect”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جوديث جارفيس طومسون › 1929–2020
النقد
ينتقد 1
ريتشارد ميرفين هير
انتقد
Foot argued against Hare that not just anything can count as a moral reason: moral terms are tied to facts about human good and harm (‘Moral Beliefs’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريتشارد ميرفين هير › 1919–2002
الأعمال
- 1967مشكلة الإجهاض ومذهب الأثر المزدوج (The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect)
المقالة التي وُلدت فيها مشكلة العربة (التروللي).
الخير الأخلاقي بوصفه خيرًا طبيعيًا، كجذور شجرة البلوط.
الموقف
Foot opposed the view, dominant at Oxford, that moral judgments merely express attitudes or prescriptions that anyone can choose freely. Words like “rude” or “courageous,” she argued, have criteria of application that cannot be bent at will. In a 1967 essay on abortion and the doctrine of double effect she devised the case that became famous as the trolley problem: may one steer a runaway tram onto a track where it kills one person instead of five? Her late work Natural Goodness grounds ethics in a naturalistic virtue ethics: just as the roots of an oak can be good or defective, human beings can be good or deficient as the kind of living beings they are. She was one of the founders of modern virtue ethics.
الحياة والسياق
Philippa Foot, née Bosanquet, was born in 1920 and studied at Somerville College, Oxford, where she taught for decades. With Elizabeth Anscombe, Iris Murdoch and Mary Midgley she belonged to a remarkable circle of Oxford women philosophers. From the 1970s she also taught at the University of California, Los Angeles. She died in 2010 on her ninetieth birthday.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Moral Beliefs (1958)
- Virtues and Vices (1978)
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