Philippa Foot
Dobro u ludzi jest jak zdrowie u roślin i zwierząt, zakorzenione w tym, czego potrzebuje nasz rodzaj istot, by dobrze żyć.
Umiejscowienie
Wymyśliła problem wagonika i założyła naturalistyczną etykę cnót.
Kluczowe idee
- Problem wagonika
- Naturalne dobro
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Arystoteles
pod wpływem ✓
Foot built on Aristotle’s link between virtue and the good of living things: human virtues are natural goodness relative to the human life form (Natural Goodness, 2001). P. Foot, Natural Goodness (2001); Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (1978); SEP “Philippa Foot”
Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
Tomasz z Akwinu
pod wpływem ✓
Foot turned to Aquinas, alongside Aristotle, for an account of the virtues as beneficial dispositions that correct temptations and deficiencies of human nature (‘Virtues and Vices’, 1978). P. Foot, “Virtues and Vices”, in Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (1978); SEP “Philippa Foot”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Tomasz z Akwinu › ok. 1225–1274
Ludwig Wittgenstein
pod wpływem ✓
Foot, influenced by Wittgenstein through Anscombe, argued that moral terms like ‘rude’ have criteria of application fixed by use, against the fact–value gap (‘Moral Arguments’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59); SEP “Philippa Foot”
Ludwig Wittgenstein › 1889–1951
Elizabeth Anscombe
pod wpływem
Foot took up Anscombe’s call for an ethics of the virtues and her ‘Aristotelian necessities’, grounding moral evaluation in facts about human life (Natural Goodness, 2001). P. Foot, Natural Goodness (2001); G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958); “On Promising and Its Justice” (1969); SEP “Philippa Foot”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Elizabeth Anscombe › 1919–2001
Wpływ na 1
Judith Jarvis Thomson
wpływ na
Thomson named the runaway tram of Foot’s essay on double effect (1967) the ‘trolley problem’ and set it against a transplant case (1976; ‘The Trolley Problem’, 1985). J. J. Thomson, “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem”, The Monist 59 (1976); “The Trolley Problem”, Yale Law Journal 94 (1985); P. Foot, “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect”, Oxford Review 5 (1967); SEP “Doctrine of Double Effect”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Judith Jarvis Thomson › 1929–2020
Krytyka
Krytykuje 1
Richard Hare
krytykuje
Foot argued against Hare that not just anything can count as a moral reason: moral terms are tied to facts about human good and harm (‘Moral Beliefs’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59)
Źródło: szkic AI
Richard Hare › 1919–2002
Dzieła
Esej, w którym narodził się problem wagonika.
Dobro moralne jako dobro naturalne, jak korzenie dębu.
Stanowisko
Foot opposed the view, dominant at Oxford, that moral judgments merely express attitudes or prescriptions that anyone can choose freely. Words like “rude” or “courageous,” she argued, have criteria of application that cannot be bent at will. In a 1967 essay on abortion and the doctrine of double effect she devised the case that became famous as the trolley problem: may one steer a runaway tram onto a track where it kills one person instead of five? Her late work Natural Goodness grounds ethics in a naturalistic virtue ethics: just as the roots of an oak can be good or defective, human beings can be good or deficient as the kind of living beings they are. She was one of the founders of modern virtue ethics.
Życie i kontekst
Philippa Foot, née Bosanquet, was born in 1920 and studied at Somerville College, Oxford, where she taught for decades. With Elizabeth Anscombe, Iris Murdoch and Mary Midgley she belonged to a remarkable circle of Oxford women philosophers. From the 1970s she also taught at the University of California, Los Angeles. She died in 2010 on her ninetieth birthday.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Moral Beliefs (1958)
- Virtues and Vices (1978)
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