伊姆雷·拉卡托斯
只要研究纲领还在不断预测新的事实，科学家就有理由在出现反例时仍保留一个理论；只有当它只会找借口时，才会被放弃。
定位
伦敦政治经济学院的匈牙利裔英国数学与科学哲学家：理论并不是被逐个驳倒的；整个研究纲领相互竞争，并依据它们是预测了新的事实（进步的）还是只是在弥补反常（退化的）来评判。
核心思想
- 研究纲领（硬核与辅助假说）
- 进步的与退化的
- 《证明与反驳》
影响
受影响于 1
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响
Lakatos named Hegel’s dialectic, beside Popper and Pólya, among the sources of his account of mathematics as growing through proofs and counterexamples (‘Proofs and Refutations’, 1963–64). I. Lakatos, “Proofs and Refutations”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 14 (1963–64); Proofs and Refutations (ed. J. Worrall and E. Zahar, 1976); SEP “Imre Lakatos”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
批评
受批评于 1
保罗·费耶阿本德 影响了
影响了 ✓
Feyerabend dedicated Against Method (1975) to Lakatos, ‘friend and fellow-anarchist’, as his half of a planned joint debate book, For and Against Method (publ. 1999). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); I. Lakatos and P. K. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (ed. M. Motterlini, 1999); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
受其批评
Feyerabend argued that Lakatos’s methodology of research programmes is ‘anarchism in disguise’, since it gives no rule for when a degenerating programme must be abandoned (Against Method, 1975). P. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975), ch. 16 (the book is dedicated to Lakatos); I. Lakatos & P. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (1999)
依据: AI 草稿
保罗·费耶阿本德 › 1924–1994
批评了 2
卡尔·波普尔 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
Lakatos, Popper’s colleague at the LSE from 1960, applied his critical rationalism to mathematics, whose growth he traced through proofs and counterexamples (‘Proofs and Refutations’, 1963–64). I. Lakatos, “Proofs and Refutations”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 14 (1963–64); SEP “Imre Lakatos”
批评了
Against Popper’s naive falsificationism, Lakatos argued that single refutations decide nothing; research programmes are judged as progressive or degenerating (‘Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes’, 1970). I. Lakatos, “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes” (1970); “Popper on Demarcation and Induction”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Karl Popper (1974)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·波普尔 › 1902–1994
托马斯·S. 库恩
批评了
Lakatos objected that Kuhn makes theory change a matter of ‘mob psychology’ and proposed rationally reconstructed research programmes instead (‘Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes’, 1970). I. Lakatos, “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes”, in I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970), 91–196
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·S. 库恩 › 1922–1996
作品
- 1970证伪与科学研究纲领方法论
介于波普尔与库恩之间：带有硬核和辅助假说的研究纲领，被判定为进步的或退化的。
- 1976证明与反驳
一场关于多面体欧拉公式的课堂对话：数学通过猜想、反例和改进的概念而成长（论文发表于1963—64年，成书于1976年）。
立场
Proofs and Refutations, based on his thesis and published as articles in 1963–64, is a classroom dialogue about Euler’s formula for polyhedra. Each proof meets counterexamples; the class responds by barring “monsters”, adjusting the claim or improving the concepts. Mathematics, Lakatos argued, is not a growing heap of certainties but develops through conjectures and refutations, an idea he took from Popper and from George Pólya, with a debt to Hegel’s dialectic. In the philosophy of science he tried to steer between Popper and Kuhn. Against “naive” falsificationism he observed that scientists rightly keep theories in spite of anomalies; against Kuhn he insisted that theory change can be rational and is not a matter of “mob psychology”. His unit of appraisal is the research programme: a “hard core” of assumptions protected by a belt of auxiliary hypotheses. A programme is progressive if its adjustments lead to the prediction of novel facts that are then confirmed, and degenerating if it only explains anomalies after the event. His friend Paul Feyerabend, who dedicated Against Method to him, replied that the methodology gives no rule for when to abandon a programme; their planned joint book appeared as For and Against Method in 1999.
生平与背景
Imre Lakatos was born Imre Lipsitz in Debrecen in 1922 into a Jewish family. During the war he joined a communist resistance group and changed his name, first to Molnár and later to Lakatos; his mother and grandmother were murdered in Auschwitz. In 1944, according to later accounts, he persuaded the group that its youngest member, Éva Izsák, should take her own life to avoid betraying them, and she died. After 1945 he worked in the Ministry of Education as a committed Stalinist until he was arrested in 1950 and imprisoned for three years. He fled Hungary after the uprising of 1956, took his doctorate at Cambridge under R. B. Braithwaite in 1961 and from 1960 taught at the London School of Economics. He died in London in 1974, aged 51.
其他主要作品
- Proofs and Refutations (articles 1963–64, book 1976)
- Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (1970)
- History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions (1971)
- The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (Philosophical Papers I, 1978)
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