何塞·马蒂

Agora

何塞·马蒂

1853–1895

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

拉丁美洲人应当从自己的现实出发来理解和治理自己，而不是照搬欧洲或北美的模式。

定位

拉丁美洲与加勒比哲学 · 拉丁美洲与加勒比 · 政治与法, 社会与历史

古巴诗人和独立运动领袖：《我们的美洲》呼吁拉丁美洲人从自己的现实出发去认识自己、治理自己，而不是照搬舶来的模式。

核心思想

我们的美洲
自我认识反对模仿
反帝国主义

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影响

受影响于 1

拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生

受其影响
Martí admired Emerson’s idealism of nature and self-reliance, which he joined with republican ethics, in an essay written at Emerson’s death (‘Emerson’, 1882). J. Martí, “Emerson”, La Opinión Nacional (Caracas, 1882), in Obras completas XIII
依据: AI 草稿
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 › 1803–1882

影响了 1

莱奥波尔多·塞亚

影响了
Zea took Martí’s ‘Nuestra América’ (1891), with its call to govern from one’s own reality, as a founding text of Latin American self-understanding. L. Zea, El pensamiento latinoamericano (1965); J. Martí, “Nuestra América” (1891)
依据: AI 草稿
莱奥波尔多·塞亚 › 1912–2004

批评

批评了 2

卡尔·马克思

批评了
Reporting on the New York memorial meeting for Marx (La Nación, 1883), Martí honoured him for taking the side of the weak but objected that one does better who points to the harm and teaches a gentle remedy than one who sets people against each other. J. Martí, letter from New York of 29 March 1883, La Nación (Buenos Aires), May 1883; Obras completas IX
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
赫伯特·斯宾塞

批评了
Reviewing Spencer’s “The Coming Slavery” (La América, 1884), Martí granted that state socialism might create a new servitude but objected that Spencer passed over the misery of the poor and the abuses of concentrated wealth that drive people towards it. J. Martí, “Herbert Spencer. La futura esclavitud”, La América (New York), April 1884; Obras completas XV
依据: AI 草稿
赫伯特·斯宾塞 › 1820–1903

作品

1891我们的美洲
一篇文章，呼吁一个从自身现实出发去认识并治理自己的拉丁美洲——也是对北方强权的警告。

立场

In “Our America” Martí urged the young republics of Spanish America to know their own peoples – Indigenous, Black, mestizo and rural – and to govern from that reality instead of copying European or North American models. For the old opposition of “civilisation and barbarism” he substituted that between false learning and nature: the danger is the imported intellectual, not the “natural man”. There can be no race hatred, he insisted, because there are no races; and he warned of the power and contempt of the United States. An admirer of Emerson, he joined Romantic idealism with republican ethics. He became Cuba’s national hero and a reference point for Zea.

生平与背景

José Martí was born in Havana in 1853 to Spanish parents. As a teenager he was sentenced to forced labour for supporting independence and deported to Spain, where he studied law and philosophy in Zaragoza. After years in Mexico, Guatemala and Venezuela he lived from 1881 in New York as journalist and poet. In 1892 he founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party; he fell in battle at Dos Ríos in 1895.