Ferdinand Tönnies
Nowoczesne życie zastępuje bliskie wspólnoty spojone uczuciem i obyczajem społeczeństwem umów, rynków i kalkulujących jednostek.
Umiejscowienie
Współzałożyciel Niemieckiego Towarzystwa Socjologicznego (1909) i przez wiele lat jego prezes: jego rozróżnienie wspólnoty (Gemeinschaft) i społeczeństwa (Gesellschaft) stało się jedną z podstawowych par pojęć tej dyscypliny.
Kluczowe idee
- Gemeinschaft i Gesellschaft
- Wola istotna a wola dowolna
- Krytyka opinii publicznej
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 2
Thomas Hobbes
pod wpływem
Tönnies edited Hobbes’s Elements of Law and Behemoth (1889), wrote a Hobbes monograph (1896) and modelled his Gesellschaft, an association of calculating individuals, partly on Hobbes. F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Hobbes Leben und Lehre (1896); T. Hobbes, The Elements of Law and Behemoth, ed. F. Tönnies (1889)
Źródło: szkic AI
Thomas Hobbes › 1588–1679
Karol Marks
pod wpływem
Tönnies drew his type of Gesellschaft partly from Marx’s Capital, as a society of exchange and commodity production, and later wrote Marx: Leben und Lehre (1921). F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Marx. Leben und Lehre (1921)
Źródło: szkic AI
Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Wpływ na 2
Max Weber
wpływ na
Weber’s concepts of communal and associative relationships (Vergemeinschaftung, Vergesellschaftung) explicitly refer to Tönnies’s ‘fundamental work’ Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (Economy and Society, 1921–22). M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1921–22), “Soziologische Grundbegriffe”; F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887)
Źródło: szkic AI
Max Weber › 1864–1920
Fei Xiaotong
wpływ na
Fei distinguished a rural society of custom and familiarity from a society of law, explicitly in Tönnies’s terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Xiangtu Zhongguo, 1947–48). Fei Xiaotong, Xiangtu Zhongguo (1947–48), “Xiangtu bense”; Liu Shiding, Beijing daxue xuebao (2007)
Źródło: szkic AI
Fei Xiaotong › 1910–2005
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Émile Durkheim
krytyka ze strony
Reviewing Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1889), Durkheim objected that modern society is no less natural and organic than community, not a mere mechanical aggregate held together by the state. É. Durkheim, review of F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Revue philosophique 27 (1889)
Źródło: szkic AI
Émile Durkheim › 1858–1917
Krytykuje 1
Friedrich Nietzsche
krytykuje
Tönnies, an early admirer, attacked the late Nietzsche’s master morality and the fashionable cult around it (Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik, 1897). F. Tönnies, Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik (1897)
Źródło: szkic AI
Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Dzieła
Dwie podstawowe formy życia społecznego: wspólnota (Gemeinschaft), wyrosła z pokrewieństwa, sąsiedztwa i „woli istotnej”, oraz stowarzyszenie (Gesellschaft), tworzone przez umowę, wymianę i „wolę dowolną”.
Stanowisko
Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) contrasts two basic forms of social life. Community grows out of “essential will” (Wesenwille): the bonds of kinship, neighbourhood and friendship, in which people belong together before they choose to, as in the family, the village and the old town. Society arises from “arbitrary” or rational will (Kürwille): individuals who remain separate join only to pursue their own ends through exchange, contract and calculation, as in the market, the big city and the modern state. Tönnies drew the second type from Hobbes and from Marx’s analysis of capitalism, and saw modern European history as a movement from community to society. He meant both as “normal concepts” – idealised types, not descriptions of real groups – and he hoped for new forms of community in cooperatives and the labour movement rather than a return to the past. His terms passed into everyday German; the word Gemeinschaft was later taken up by nationalist and Nazi rhetoric, which he opposed. He also pioneered empirical social research and studied public opinion as a force in modern society.
Życie i kontekst
Ferdinand Tönnies was born in 1855 into a prosperous farming family at Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt peninsula in Schleswig. He studied philology, philosophy and history at several universities, took his doctorate in Tübingen in 1877 and qualified as a lecturer at Kiel in 1881. There he remained an unsalaried Privatdozent until 1908, partly because the Prussian authorities distrusted his sympathy for the labour movement; he became a full professor only in 1913, retired in 1916 and taught sociology again from 1921. A leading scholar of Hobbes, he co-founded the German Sociological Association in 1909 and was its president until 1933. In 1930 he joined the Social Democrats in protest against the rise of National Socialism. The Nazis dismissed him in 1933, and he died in straitened circumstances in Kiel in 1936.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Community and Society (1887)
- Hobbes. Leben und Lehre (1896)
- Der Nietzsche-Kultus (1897)
- Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung (1922)
- Einführung in die Soziologie (1931)
Stan na listopad 2026 · Źródła · Ulepsz tę stronę · Jak powstaje Agora