आल्फ्रेड टार्स्की
कोई वाक्य सत्य है यदि चीज़ें वैसी हैं जैसा वह कहता है – “बर्फ़ सफ़ेद है” सत्य है यदि और केवल यदि बर्फ़ सफ़ेद है – और औपचारिक भाषाओं के लिए इसे ठीक-ठीक परिभाषित किया जा सकता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
पोलिश-अमेरिकी तर्कशास्त्री: औपचारिक भाषाओं के लिए सत्य की पहली कठोर परिभाषा (“बर्फ़ सफ़ेद है” सत्य है यदि और केवल यदि बर्फ़ सफ़ेद है) और तार्किक परिणाम की परिभाषा दी; मॉडल सिद्धांत के संस्थापक।
मुख्य विचार
- सत्य की शब्दार्थिक अवधारणा
- कन्वेंशन T
- विषय-भाषा और अधिभाषा
- मॉडल सिद्धांत
गुरु: यान उकाशेविच, स्तानिस्लाव लेशनेव्स्की, ताद्यूश कोतार्बिन्स्की
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Tarski presented his semantic definition of truth as a precise form of Aristotle’s formula ‘to say of what is that it is … is true’ (1944). A. Tarski, “The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4 (1944); Aristotle, Metaphysics IV (Γ); SEP “Tarski’s Truth Definitions”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
यान उकाशेविच जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Tarski took Łukasiewicz’s courses in logic in Warsaw (1918–24); the two later published ‘Untersuchungen über den Aussagenkalkül’ (1930) together. Teacher and later collaborator, not supervisor. SEP “Alfred Tarski”; J. Łukasiewicz & A. Tarski, “Untersuchungen über den Aussagenkalkül” (1930)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
यान उकाशेविच › 1878–1956
ताद्यूश कोतार्बिन्स्की जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Tarski studied in Warsaw from 1918 to 1924, taking courses with Kotarbiński among others; he dedicated his collected papers Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics (1956) ‘to his teacher Tadeusz Kotarbiński’. SEP “Alfred Tarski”; A. Tarski, Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics (1956), dedication
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ताद्यूश कोतार्बिन्स्की › 1886–1981
स्तानिस्लाव लेशनेव्स्की जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Tarski took his doctorate in Warsaw in 1924 under Leśniewski’s supervision, with a thesis on the primitive term of logistic. SEP “Alfred Tarski”; A. B. Feferman & S. Feferman, Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic (2004)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
स्तानिस्लाव लेशनेव्स्की › 1886–1939
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
After talks with Tarski from 1930, Carnap adopted Tarski’s semantic concept of truth and turned from logical syntax to semantics (Introduction to Semantics, 1942). R. Carnap, Introduction to Semantics (1942); “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (1963); SEP “Rudolf Carnap”; SEP “Tarski’s Truth Definitions”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप › 1891–1970
कार्ल पॉपर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Popper credited Tarski, who explained his theory to him in Vienna (1935), with rehabilitating correspondence truth, and built on it his notion of verisimilitude (Conjectures and Refutations, 1963). K. R. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (1963); Objective Knowledge (1972); Unended Quest (1976); SEP “Karl Popper”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल पॉपर › 1902–1994
डोनाल्ड डेविडसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Davidson turned Tarski’s Convention T around: a theory that yields a T-sentence for every sentence of a language serves as a theory of meaning (‘Truth and Meaning’, 1967). D. Davidson, “Truth and Meaning”, Synthese 17 (1967); A. Tarski, “Pojęcie prawdy w językach nauk dedukcyjnych” (1933; German 1935); SEP “Donald Davidson”
डोनाल्ड डेविडसन › 1917–2003
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
शॉल क्रिपके
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kripke judged Tarski’s language hierarchy unfit for natural language and built, via fixed points, a language containing its own truth predicate (‘Outline of a Theory of Truth’, 1975). S. Kripke, “Outline of a Theory of Truth”, Journal of Philosophy 72 (1975), 690–716
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
शॉल क्रिपके › 1940–2022
कृतियाँ
औपचारिक भाषाओं के लिए सत्य की परिभाषा, एक समृद्धतर अधिभाषा में दी गई – और यह प्रमाण कि कोई ऐसी भाषा अपना सत्य स्वयं परिभाषित नहीं कर सकती।
उनके सिद्धांत का सुगम कथन: “बर्फ़ सफ़ेद है” सत्य है यदि और केवल यदि बर्फ़ सफ़ेद है – अरस्तू की शास्त्रीय अवधारणा का एक सटीक रूप।
मत
Tarski’s monograph on truth (Polish 1933, German 1935) asked how the word “true” can be used without falling into paradoxes such as the liar. His answer distinguishes an object language from the metalanguage in which we talk about it. A definition of truth for the object language is adequate if it entails, for every sentence, an instance of “Convention T”: “snow is white” is true if and only if snow is white. For formal languages he gave such a definition, built up through the notion of satisfaction, and proved that no sufficiently rich language can define its own truth predicate. The Semantic Conception of Truth (1944) presented this as a precise form of Aristotle’s classical conception. In 1936 he defined logical consequence: a conclusion follows if every interpretation that makes the premises true makes it true. These definitions founded model theory, which he developed at Berkeley, along with decision procedures for elementary algebra and geometry. Carnap’s turn from syntax to semantics followed his meetings with Tarski, Popper credited him with rehabilitating the correspondence theory of truth, and Davidson built a theory of meaning on Convention T. Kripke’s theory of truth of 1975 was designed to avoid Tarski’s hierarchy of languages.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Alfred Tarski was born Alfred Tajtelbaum in Warsaw in 1901 into an assimilated Jewish family. In 1923 he and his brother changed their name to Tarski, and he became a Roman Catholic. He took his doctorate under Stanisław Leśniewski in 1924, the year of the Banach–Tarski paradox, and belonged to the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic. He never obtained a chair in Poland – antisemitism is thought to have played a part – and taught for years at a Warsaw secondary school alongside his university lectures. In August 1939 he travelled to a congress for the Unity of Science at Harvard and was cut off by the outbreak of war. His wife and children survived in Poland and joined him in 1946; his parents and his brother did not survive the war. From 1942 he taught at Berkeley, where he built a leading centre of logic. He died in Berkeley in 1983.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages (Polish 1933, German 1935)
- On the Concept of Logical Consequence (1936)
- Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences (1936)
- The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics (1944)
- A Decision Method for Elementary Algebra and Geometry (1948)
- Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics (collected papers, 1956)
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