कार्ल गुस्ताव हेम्पेल
किसी बात की वैज्ञानिक व्याख्या करने का अर्थ यह दिखाना है कि वह सामान्य नियमों और विशेष परिस्थितियों से निकलती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
बर्लिन समूह के तार्किक अनुभववादी: किसी घटना की व्याख्या करना उसे सामान्य नियमों और आरंभिक स्थितियों से निगमित करना है (निगमनात्मक-नियमात्मक प्रतिरूप); कौवा-विरोधाभास दिखाता है कि पुष्टि कितनी पेचीदा है।
मुख्य विचार
- निगमनात्मक-नियमात्मक व्याख्या
- कौवा-विरोधाभास
- सत्यापनीयता-कसौटी की आलोचना
गुरु: रुडोल्फ कार्नैप, हान्स राइशनबाख
शिष्य: रॉबर्ट नॉजिक
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Hempel studied with Carnap, Schlick and Waismann in Vienna in the autumn semester of 1929 and in 1937–38 worked with Carnap at the University of Chicago; his doctorate (Berlin, 1934) was taken elsewhere. SEP “Carl Hempel”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप › 1891–1970
हान्स राइशनबाख जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Hempel studied with Reichenbach in Berlin from 1929, went to Vienna that autumn at his suggestion and belonged to his Berlin Group; after Reichenbach’s emigration his doctorate on probability (1934) was examined by Wolfgang Köhler and Nicolai Hartmann. SEP “Carl Hempel”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
हान्स राइशनबाख › 1891–1953
यानीना होसियासोन-लिंडेनबाउम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hempel discussed Hosiasson-Lindenbaum’s probabilistic answer to the raven paradox, on which a non-black non-raven confirms only to a tiny degree (‘Studies in the Logic of Confirmation’, 1945). C. G. Hempel, “Studies in the Logic of Confirmation”, Mind 54 (1945); J. Hosiasson-Lindenbaum, “On Confirmation”, Journal of Symbolic Logic 5 (1940); SEP “Confirmation”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
यानीना होसियासोन-लिंडेनबाउम › 1899–1942
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
रॉबर्ट नॉजिक जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Nozick wrote his Princeton dissertation, The Normative Theory of Individual Choice (1963), under Hempel’s supervision; it was printed in 1990. R. Nozick, The Normative Theory of Individual Choice (diss. Princeton 1963; printed 1990)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रॉबर्ट नॉजिक › 1938–2002
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
ए. जे. एयर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hempel argued that Ayer’s verifiability criterion, even as revised in 1946, either admits metaphysics or excludes scientific laws (‘Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning’, 1950). C. G. Hempel, “Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning”, Revue Internationale de Philosophie 11 (1950), 41–63; A. Church, review of Ayer, Journal of Symbolic Logic 14 (1949)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ए. जे. एयर › 1910–1989
कृतियाँ
यदि हर काला कौवा “सभी कौवे काले हैं” की पुष्टि करता है, तो हर ग़ैर-काली वस्तु जो कौवा नहीं है, वह भी – एक सफ़ेद जूता, जैसा बाद के पुनर्कथनों ने कहा: पुष्टि का विरोधाभास।
रसायनज्ञ पॉल ओपेनहाइम के साथ लिखा यह लेख निगमनात्मक-नियमात्मक प्रतिरूप रखता है: व्याख्या उस बात को नियमों और आरंभिक स्थितियों से निगमित करती है जिसे समझाना है।
मत
Hempel gave logical empiricism its classical accounts of confirmation and explanation, and was at the same time one of its sharpest internal critics. “Studies in the Logic of Confirmation” (1945) showed a paradox: if every black raven confirms “all ravens are black”, and this law is logically equivalent to “everything non-black is a non-raven”, then a white shoe confirms it too. With Oppenheim he set out the deductive-nomological model in 1948: an explanation is an argument whose premises contain at least one general law and particular conditions, and whose conclusion describes what is to be explained. He had already applied the model to history in 1942, and later added inductive-statistical explanations for probabilistic laws. Explanation and prediction have the same logical form. In “Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning” (1950) he showed that every proposed formulation of the verifiability criterion, including Ayer’s, either excludes scientific laws or lets in metaphysics, and concluded that cognitive significance comes in degrees. In his late papers he engaged closely with Kuhn, his colleague at Princeton, and moved towards a more pragmatic view of scientific rationality.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Carl Gustav Hempel was born in Oranienburg near Berlin in 1905. He studied mathematics, physics and philosophy in Göttingen, Heidelberg and Berlin, spent 1929–30 in Vienna, where he met Carnap, Schlick and Waismann, and belonged to Hans Reichenbach’s Berlin Group. His doctorate on probability (1934) was completed after Reichenbach had been dismissed. Because his wife was of Jewish descent he left Germany for Belgium, where he worked with Paul Oppenheim, and in 1937 went to Chicago as Carnap’s assistant. He taught at City College in New York, at Yale (1948–1955), at Princeton (1955–1973), where Robert Nozick was among his doctoral students, and finally at Pittsburgh. He died near Princeton in 1997.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Function of General Laws in History (1942)
- Studies in the Logic of Confirmation (1945)
- Studies in the Logic of Explanation (with Paul Oppenheim, 1948)
- Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning (1950)
- Aspects of Scientific Explanation (1965)
- Philosophy of Natural Science (1966)
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