सिल्विया विंटर
“मनुष्य” का विचार, जिसे आधुनिक पश्चिम ने मानवता मात्र माना, मनुष्य होने का केवल एक रूप है, जो दूसरों को बाहर रखकर बना – और हमें नए रूप रचने होंगे।
पृष्ठभूमि
जमैका की लेखिका और सिद्धांतकार, स्टैनफ़ोर्ड में एमेरिटा: आधुनिक पश्चिम ने “मनुष्य” के अपने विचार को – पहले तर्कशील राजनीतिक विषयी, फिर जैविक और आर्थिक प्राणी – मनुष्य मात्र के रूप में “अति-प्रस्तुत” किया; मनुष्य होना एक सांस्कृतिक, “समाज-जनित” व्यवहार है जिसे फिर से आविष्कृत किया जा सकता है।
मुख्य विचार
- मनुष्य का अति-प्रस्तुतीकरण (Man1, Man2)
- समाज-जनित सिद्धांत
- अस्तित्व की औपनिवेशिकता
- मनुष्य के जेनर (genres)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
बार्तोलोमे दे लास कासास
जिनसे प्रभावित
In a two-part essay on New Seville, the first Spanish settlement in Jamaica, and the conversion experience of Las Casas (1984), Wynter took his break with the encomienda as a turning point in the debate over who counts as fully human; she returned to his dispute with Sepúlveda in later essays (1995, 2003). S. Wynter, “New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas”, Jamaica Journal 17:2 (1984), 25–32, and 17:3 (1984), 46–55; “1492: A New World View” (1995)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बार्तोलोमे दे लास कासास › 1484–1566
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wynter took Du Bois’s ‘problem of the color line’ as the central problem of the order of ‘Man’ she seeks to overcome (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस › 1868–1963
एमे सेज़ेर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wynter took up Césaire’s ‘humanism made to the measure of the world’ for a new science of the human (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); A. Césaire, Discours sur le colonialisme (1950)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमे सेज़ेर › 1913–2008
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wynter took up Fanon’s claim that besides phylogeny and ontogeny there is sociogeny, holding that human experience is shaped by cultural codes (‘Towards the Sociogenic Principle’, 2001). S. Wynter, “Towards the Sociogenic Principle: Fanon, Identity, the Puzzle of Conscious Experience, and What It Is Like to Be ‘Black’” (2001); F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों › 1925–1961
मिशेल फूको
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wynter took up Foucault’s view of ‘Man’ as a recent invention of the modern episteme and traced its colonial forms (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); M. Foucault, Les Mots et les choses (1966)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
अनीबाल किहानो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wynter took up Quijano’s ‘coloniality of power’, with its racial classification of world populations, as one axis of the coloniality of being (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); A. Quijano, “Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina” (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अनीबाल किहानो › 1928–2018
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
वॉल्टर मिन्योलो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In “Sylvia Wynter: What Does It Mean to Be Human?” (2015) Mignolo read Wynter’s critique of the overrepresentation of Western “Man” as the human as a central contribution to decolonial thought. W. D. Mignolo, “Sylvia Wynter: What Does It Mean to Be Human?”, in K. McKittrick (ed.), Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis (2015)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वॉल्टर मिन्योलो › जन्म 1941
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
चार्ल्स डार्विन
जिनकी आलोचना की
In “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being” (2003) Wynter read Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) as the founding text of a second, biocentric conception of Man, in which the colonised and the poor appeared as the “dysselected” – a self-description of the West she set out to unsettle. S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3:3 (2003), 257–337
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डार्विन › 1809–1882
कृतियाँ
सीआर: द न्यू सेंटेनियल रिव्यू में लंबा निबंध: आधुनिक पश्चिम ने “मनुष्य” के अपने रूपों को – पहले तर्कशील राजनीतिक विषयी, फिर जैविक और आर्थिक प्राणी – मनुष्य मात्र के रूप में “अति-प्रस्तुत” किया।
मत
Wynter’s essays, which cross literary criticism, history and philosophy, ask what it means to be human. Since the Renaissance, she argues, the West has produced successive “genres” or descriptions of the human: “Man1”, the rational political subject that replaced the Christian believer, and, since the 19th century, “Man2”, the biological and economic being of Darwin and Malthus, defined by natural selection and scarcity. Each was “overrepresented” as if it were humanity as such, and each was defined against those it excluded – the colonised and enslaved, later the racialised poor – whom it cast as irrational or “dysselected”. Taking up Fanon’s claim that besides phylogeny and ontogeny there is sociogeny, she holds that humans are hybrid beings, at once biological and storytelling, whose experience of themselves is shaped by cultural codes. Drawing on Aimé Césaire and on Aníbal Quijano’s “coloniality of power”, she calls for a conception of the human “after Man” that would no longer need an excluded other.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Sylvia Wynter (born 1928 in Holguín, Cuba, to Jamaican parents) grew up in Jamaica and won a scholarship to King’s College London, where she studied Spanish and took a master’s degree in 1953. In the 1950s she wrote for radio and the stage in Britain, partly with the Guyanese writer Jan Carew, and in 1962 published the novel “The Hills of Hebron”. She taught Hispanic literature at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica from 1963, moved to the University of California, San Diego, in 1974 and in 1977 to Stanford University, where she is professor emerita of Spanish and Portuguese and of African and Afro-American Studies. In 2010 she received the Order of Jamaica.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Hills of Hebron (novel, 1962)
- The Ceremony Must Be Found: After Humanism (1984)
- 1492: A New World View (1995)
- Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom (2003)
- Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis (ed. Katherine McKittrick, 2015)
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