Agoraساحة مفتوحة للفكر

أتو نويرات

1882–1945

مدخل أولتبسيط مقصود – واللمحة تقول أكثر

لا أساس مأمونًا للمعرفة: لا نستطيع إلا أن نختبر العبارات بعبارات أخرى وأن نعيد بناء معرفتنا قطعةً قطعة معتمدين على الباقي.

التموضع

الفلسفة التحليلية · أوروبا الغربية · العلم, نظرية المعرفة, اللغة, المجتمع والتاريخ

اقتصادي فييني ومصلح اجتماعي ومنظّم لحلقة فيينا: ينبغي أن تتقاسم العلوم لغة فيزيائية واحدة من عبارات عامة لا يفلت أي منها من المراجعة – «كبحّارة عليهم إعادة بناء سفينتهم في عرض البحر». وابتكر أيضًا إحصاءات الصور التي سُميت لاحقًا آيزوتايب.

الأفكار الرئيسة

  • الفيزيائية والعلم الموحَّد
  • الجمل البروتوكولية القابلة للمراجعة
  • سفينة نويرات (لا أسس)
  • إحصاءات الصور آيزوتايب
  • الاقتصاد العيني

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التأثير

تأثّر بـ 2

  • كارل ماركس

    تأثّر بـ

    Neurath treated Marx’s historical materialism as a model of empirical, anti-metaphysical sociology (Empirische Soziologie, 1931) and argued for a planned economy calculated in kind (1919). O. Neurath, Durch die Kriegswirtschaft zur Naturalwirtschaft (1919); Empirische Soziologie (1931); SEP “Otto Neurath”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    كارل ماركس › 1818–1883

  • إرنست ماخ

    تأثّر بـ ✓

    Neurath co-founded the Verein Ernst Mach (1928) and, in the manifesto he co-wrote, named Mach among the forerunners of an anti-metaphysical, unified science (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung, 1929). H. Hahn, O. Neurath and R. Carnap, Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (1929); SEP “Otto Neurath”; SEP “Vienna Circle”

    التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata

    إرنست ماخ › 1838–1916

أثّر في 2

  • رودولف كارناب

    أثّر في

    Carnap adopted Neurath’s physicalism, making physical language the universal language of science (1932), and came round to his view that protocol sentences are revisable. R. Carnap, “Die physikalische Sprache als Universalsprache der Wissenschaft”, Erkenntnis 2 (1932); “Über Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932); O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932); SEP “Otto Neurath”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    رودولف كارناب › 1891–1970

  • ويلارد فان أورمان كواين

    أثّر في

    Quine set Neurath’s image of sailors rebuilding their ship on the open sea as motto of Word and Object (1960), summing up a naturalism without foundations outside science. W. V. Quine, Word and Object (1960); O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932); SEP “Otto Neurath”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    ويلارد فان أورمان كواين › 1908–2000

النقد

انتقده 1

  • كارل بوبر

    انتقده

    Popper welcomed Neurath’s view that protocol sentences are revisable, but objected that without rules for discarding them empiricism is thrown overboard (Logik der Forschung, 1934). K. Popper, Logik der Forschung (1934), § 26; O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932/33)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    كارل بوبر › 1902–1994

ينتقد 1

  • موريتز شليك

    انتقد

    Neurath rejected Schlick’s ‘affirmations’ as an unshakeable foundation of knowledge: all statements, protocol sentences included, remain revisable (‘Radikaler Physikalismus und „wirkliche Welt“’, 1934). O. Neurath, “Radikaler Physikalismus und »wirkliche Welt«”, Erkenntnis 4 (1934); M. Schlick, “Über das Fundament der Erkenntnis”, Erkenntnis 4 (1934); O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932/33)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    موريتز شليك › 1882–1936

الأعمال

الموقف

Neurath gave the empiricism of the Vienna Circle a social and anti-foundational turn. “Unified science” meant for him not a pyramid that reduces all sciences to physics but an encyclopedia of sciences that share a physicalist language of statements about observable events in space and time, so that predictions from economics, biology and physics can be combined. In “Protocol Sentences” (1932) he denied that knowledge rests on a bedrock of certain experience: even protocol statements, which record an observation together with the observer’s name and the time, may be discarded if they conflict with the rest of the system. Hence his image of sailors “who have to rebuild their ship on the open sea, without ever being able to take it apart in dry dock”. This brought him into dispute with Carnap over phenomenalist foundations, with Moritz Schlick, who defended indubitable “affirmations” (Konstatierungen), and with Karl Popper over basic statements. He regarded Marxism as a model for an empirical sociology and argued for a planned “economy in kind” calculated without money; Ludwig von Mises replied in 1920 with his essay on economic calculation, the beginning of the socialist calculation debate. Isotype was meant to make social and economic facts readable for everyone. Carnap took over physicalism from him, and W. V. O. Quine put the ship at the head of Word and Object (1960).

الحياة والسياق

Otto Neurath was born in Vienna on 10 December 1882, the son of the economist Wilhelm Neurath. He studied mathematics, economics and history in Vienna and Berlin and took his doctorate in Berlin in 1906 with Gustav Schmoller and Eduard Meyer, on ancient economic history. In 1917 he qualified as a lecturer at Heidelberg. In 1919 he headed the central planning office of the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic; after its fall he was imprisoned, wrote Anti-Spengler in prison and returned to Austria after the Austrian government intervened. In “Red Vienna” he worked for the settlers’ movement and from 1924 to 1934 directed the Social and Economic Museum, where he developed, with Marie Reidemeister and the artist Gerd Arntz, a method of picture statistics later called Isotype. He co-founded the Ernst Mach Society in 1928 and wrote the Vienna Circle’s manifesto of 1929 with Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap. In 1934 he fled to The Hague, in 1940 to England, where he was interned for nine months. With Carnap and Charles Morris he edited the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science from 1938. He married Marie Reidemeister in 1941 and died in Oxford on 22 December 1945.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

  • Anti-Spengler (1921)
  • Empirical Sociology (Empirische Soziologie, 1931)
  • International Picture Language (1936)
  • Foundations of the Social Sciences (1944)

المصادر: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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