Anthony Ashley-Cooper
Ludzie mają naturalny zmysł moralny, który reaguje na dobro tak, jak oko reaguje na piękno – cnota i piękno są bliskimi krewnymi.
Umiejscowienie
Trzeci hrabia Shaftesbury, uczeń Locke’a: ludzie mają naturalny „zmysł moralny” i poczucie harmonii – cnota i piękno są pokrewne.
Kluczowe idee
- Zmysł moralny
- Pokrewieństwo dobra i piękna
- Wyśmianie jako sprawdzian prawdy
Nauczyciele: John Locke
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 3
Platon
pod wpływem
Shaftesbury’s The Moralists (1709), a philosophical rhapsody in dialogue form, renewed Plato’s identification of beauty and goodness and the ascent from beautiful forms to their source. Shaftesbury, The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody (1709), in Characteristicks (1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
Źródło: szkic AI
Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Epiktet
pod wpływem
In his private notebooks, the Askêmata (1698–1704), Shaftesbury trained himself by the Stoic exercises Epictetus describes, citing him constantly. Shaftesbury, Askêmata, ed. B. Rand as Philosophical Regimen (1900); Standard Edition II.6, ed. W. Benda et al. (2011); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
Źródło: szkic AI
Epiktet › ok. 50–135
Marek Aureliusz
pod wpływem
Shaftesbury’s private notebooks, the Askêmata (1698–1704), are, like Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations, reminders of principles and exhortations to live by them, full of quotations from Marcus. Shaftesbury, Askêmata, ed. B. Rand as Philosophical Regimen (1900); Standard Edition II.6, ed. W. Benda et al. (2011); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
Źródło: szkic AI
Marek Aureliusz › 121–180
Wpływ na 2
Francis Hutcheson
wpływ na
The title page of Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) states that in it ‘the principles of the late Earl of Shaftesbury are explain’d and defended’ against Mandeville. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Francis Hutcheson › 1694–1746
Denis Diderot
wpływ na
Diderot’s first philosophical publication was a free translation of Shaftesbury’s Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit, with his own notes (Essai sur le mérite et la vertu, 1745). D. Diderot, Principes de la philosophie morale, ou Essai de M. S*** sur le mérite et la vertu (1745); SEP “Denis Diderot”
Źródło: szkic AI
Denis Diderot › 1713–1784
Krytyka
Krytykuje 2
Thomas Hobbes
krytykuje
Shaftesbury rejected Hobbes’s picture of humans as solely self-interested, holding that natural affection for others and for the common good belongs to human nature (Sensus Communis, 1709). Shaftesbury, Sensus Communis (1709), II.1, III.1; An Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit (1699/1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
Źródło: szkic AI
Thomas Hobbes › 1588–1679
John Locke nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
The first Earl of Shaftesbury put Locke, his physician and adviser, in charge of the education of his grandson, the later third Earl; the two remained friends until Locke’s death, although the pupil came to reject much of Locke’s philosophy. SEP “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]”
Źródło: szkic AI
krytykuje
Shaftesbury wrote that Locke struck ‘the home blow’ by denying innate moral ideas and making virtue depend on fashion and custom (letter to Michael Ainsworth, 1709). Shaftesbury to M. Ainsworth, 3 June 1709, in Several Letters Written by a Noble Lord to a Young Man at the University (1716); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
Źródło: szkic AI
John Locke › 1632–1704
Dzieła
Eseje o zmyśle moralnym, entuzjazmie i dobrym humorze jako sprawdzianie prawdy.
Stanowisko
Shaftesbury broke both with Hobbes’s picture of humans as selfish and with his teacher Locke’s view that morality rests on command and reward. Humans, he argued, have natural social affections and an inner “moral sense” that approves of a balanced, benevolent character, much as the eye delights in proportion: the good and the beautiful are akin. Virtue lies in the harmony of the affections and does not depend on fear of punishment. Against fanaticism he recommended good humor and ridicule as tests of truth. His essays, collected in the Characteristicks, influenced Hutcheson and Hume and were eagerly read in Germany by Lessing, Herder and Schiller.
Życie i kontekst
Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, was born in London in 1671, the grandson of the Whig statesman whose physician and adviser John Locke oversaw his education. After a tour of the Continent he sat in the House of Commons and later in the House of Lords. Weakened by asthma, he moved to Naples for its climate in 1711 and died there in 1713.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, or Merit (1699)
- A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm (1708)
- Sensus Communis (1709)
- The Moralists (1709)
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