هارييت مارتينو

Agora

هارييت مارتينو

1802–1876

مدخل أولتبسيط مقصود – واللمحة تقول أكثر

لفهم مجتمعٍ ما يجب أن ترصده بعناية وإنصاف – وأن تحكم عليه بالمثل العليا التي يزعمها لنفسه.

التموضع

علم الاجتماع والنظرية الاجتماعية · أوروبا الشمالية · المجتمع والتاريخ, السياسة والقانون, الجندر والنسوية

كاتبة وباحثة اجتماعية علّمت بريطانيا الفيكتورية الاقتصاد السياسي عبر القصص، وكتبت من أوائل أدلة البحث الاجتماعي، ونقلت وضعية كونت إلى القراء الإنكليز. وتُلقَّب اليوم غالبًا بأول عالمة اجتماع.

الأفكار الرئيسة

رصد الأخلاق والعادات رصدًا منهجيًا
قياس مجتمع بمُثُله المعلنة
نقد العبودية وانعدام الوجود السياسي للنساء

افتح في خريطة النجوم

التأثير

تأثّر بـ 2

آدم سميث

تأثّر بـ
In Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34) Martineau turned the doctrines of Smith, Malthus and Ricardo into monthly stories, popularising the division of labour and free trade. H. Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آدم سميث › 1723–1790
أوغست كونت

تأثّر بـ
Martineau shared Comte’s view that society, like nature, follows knowable laws and condensed his Course of Positive Philosophy into an English version (1853). H. Martineau (trans.), The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (1853); How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838); SEP “Auguste Comte”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أوغست كونت › 1798–1857

الأعمال

1838كيف نلاحظ الأخلاق والعادات (How to Observe Morals and Manners)
من أوائل أدلة البحث الاجتماعي: ادرس مؤسسات المجتمع وسجلاته أولًا، واستعمل أقوال الناس تعليقًا عليها فحسب – وقِس المجتمع بمبادئه هو.

الموقف

How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838) is one of the earliest treatises on the method of social research. Martineau warns travellers against judging foreign customs by their own prejudices and against generalising from a few conversations. Instead they should study “things” – institutions, records, buildings, epitaphs, popular songs, even the statistics of crime and suicide – in which a whole people expresses its morals. Society in America (1837) applied this method and measured the young republic against its own declared principles of equality and self-government. By that standard slavery stood condemned, and so did the position of women: in a chapter on “the political non-existence of women” she argued that they were governed without their consent, contrary to the Declaration of Independence. Martineau held that society, like nature, follows laws that can be known, which drew her to Comte; her translation made positivism available to English readers. Long remembered mainly as a populariser, she has been recognised since the late 20th century as a founder of sociology in her own right, though historians still debate how far the title fits.

الحياة والسياق

Harriet Martineau was born in 1802 in Norwich into a Unitarian family of textile manufacturers and became increasingly deaf from her youth. When the family firm failed, she earned her living by writing. Her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34), monthly stories that explained the ideas of Adam Smith, Malthus and Ricardo, made her famous. From 1834 to 1836 she travelled through the United States, where her open support for the abolitionists made her enemies. She went on to write novels, history and journalism, settled in Ambleside in the Lake District in 1845, and in 1853 published a condensed English translation of Comte’s Course of Positive Philosophy. She died in 1876; her Autobiography appeared the following year.