巴托洛梅·德·拉斯·卡萨斯

Agora

巴托洛梅·德·拉斯·卡萨斯

1484–1566

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在拉斯·卡萨斯看来，征服是针对美洲原住民的罪行，而他们是完全的人，与任何人拥有同样的权利。

定位

拉丁美洲与加勒比哲学 · 南欧 · 政治与法, 伦理学, 宗教

由殖民者转为多明我会修士：他控诉印度群岛遭到的破坏，并在1550至51年的巴利亚多利德辩论中，针对塞普尔韦达，捍卫原住民完整的人性与权利。

核心思想

原住民的权利
巴利亚多利德辩论
对征服的批判

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影响

受影响于 1

托马斯·阿奎那

受其影响
Las Casas argued with Aquinas’ natural law that unbelievers hold legitimate dominion and may be won to faith only by peaceful persuasion (De unico vocationis modo, c. 1537). B. de las Casas, De unico vocationis modo (c. 1537); Apologia (c. 1552); Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae II–II
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·阿奎那 › 约1225–1274年

影响了 5

费利佩·瓜曼·波马·德·阿亚拉

影响了
As Rolena Adorno has argued, Guaman Poma followed, without naming it, Las Casas’s Treatise of the Twelve Doubts in defending Indigenous land titles (Nueva corónica, c. 1615). F. Guaman Poma de Ayala, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (c. 1615); R. Adorno, Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru (1986; 2nd ed. 2000)
依据: AI 草稿
费利佩·瓜曼·波马·德·阿亚拉 › 约1535–1616年
古斯塔沃·古铁雷斯

影响了
Gutiérrez saw in Las Casas a forerunner of liberation theology who found Christ in the oppressed Indigenous peoples (En busca de los pobres de Jesucristo, 1992). G. Gutiérrez, En busca de los pobres de Jesucristo: El pensamiento de Bartolomé de Las Casas (1992)
依据: AI 草稿
古斯塔沃·古铁雷斯 › 1928–2024
西尔维娅·温特

影响了
In a two-part essay on New Seville, the first Spanish settlement in Jamaica, and the conversion experience of Las Casas (1984), Wynter took his break with the encomienda as a turning point in the debate over who counts as fully human; she returned to his dispute with Sepúlveda in later essays (1995, 2003). S. Wynter, “New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas”, Jamaica Journal 17:2 (1984), 25–32, and 17:3 (1984), 46–55; “1492: A New World View” (1995)
依据: AI 草稿
西尔维娅·温特 › 1928年生
恩里克·杜塞尔

影响了
Dussel read Las Casas as the first critic of modernity, who argued from the standpoint of the Indigenous victims of conquest (1492: El encubrimiento del otro, 1992). E. Dussel, 1492: El encubrimiento del otro (1992); Política de la liberación: Historia mundial y crítica (2007)
依据: AI 草稿
恩里克·杜塞尔 › 1934–2023
茨维坦·托多罗夫

影响了
In The Conquest of America (1982) Todorov made Las Casas a central figure of his inquiry into how the Spaniards perceived the other: from a love that projects Christian values onto the Indians to the late Las Casas, who held that their sacrifices made sense within their own religion. T. Todorov, La conquête de l’Amérique. La question de l’autre (1982)
依据: AI 草稿
茨维坦·托多罗夫 › 1939–2017

批评

受批评于 1

印加·加西拉索·德拉维加

受其批评存在争议
Garcilaso’s General History of Peru (1617) rejects Las Casas’s arguments for the New Laws of 1542; how far the work opposes Las Casas’s ideas overall is disputed. Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Historia general del Perú (1617); M. Serna Arnaiz, “El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega: La ‘Ley natural’ frente a las ‘Leyes nuevas’”, Mercurio Peruano 527–528 (2014–15), 89–111
依据: AI 草稿
印加·加西拉索·德拉维加 › 1539–1616

批评了 1

亚里士多德受其影响

受其影响
At Valladolid (1550–51) Las Casas turned Aristotle against Sepúlveda, distinguishing kinds of barbarians to show that the Indigenous peoples were not natural slaves (Apologia, c. 1552). B. de las Casas, Apologia (c. 1552), trans. S. Poole, In Defense of the Indians (1974); L. Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians (1959)
依据: AI 草稿
批评了
Against Sepúlveda at Valladolid (1550–51) Las Casas denied that Aristotle’s natural slavery applied to the peoples of America, who were fully capable of reason; in an earlier dispute he had bidden Aristotle farewell in the name of Christian charity. B. de Las Casas, Apologia (c. 1552); Historia de las Indias, book III (on the dispute of 1519); L. Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians (1959)
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年

作品

1552西印度毁灭述略
为西班牙王室所写的控诉书：把征服写成一部屠杀、奴役和掠夺的记录。

立场

Las Casas argued that the peoples of the Americas were rational human beings with legitimate rulers and property; war and forced labour against them were unjust, and Christianity could be spread only by peaceful persuasion. He helped bring about the New Laws of 1542. In the Valladolid debate of 1550–51, drawing on Thomist natural law, he rejected Sepúlveda’s use of Aristotle’s doctrine of natural slavery. To spare the Indigenous people he had at first proposed bringing enslaved Africans to the Indies – advice he later bitterly regretted, judging their enslavement just as unjust. His polemics fed the “Black Legend”; Gutiérrez and Dussel saw him as a forerunner of liberation thought.

生平与背景

Bartolomé de las Casas was born in Seville in 1484. In 1502 he went to Hispaniola, where he held Indigenous labourers under the encomienda system and was later ordained a priest. In 1514, after the conquest of Cuba, he gave up his encomienda and began to campaign for the Indigenous peoples. He became a Dominican in 1522, was bishop of Chiapas from 1544 and died in Madrid in 1566.

其他主要作品

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, written 1542, printed 1552)
The Only Way (De unico vocationis modo, 1530s)
In Defence of the Indians (Apologia, c. 1550)
History of the Indies (Historia de las Indias, begun 1527, published 1875–76)