伊本·赫勒敦
在伊本·赫勒敦看来，社会的兴衰是循环的：群体凝聚力建立起一个王朝，而安逸和奢侈随后在几代人之内将它消磨殆尽。
定位
他以《历史绪论》（Muqaddimah）创立了一套社会与历史的理论——常被视为社会学的先驱。
核心思想
- 群体凝聚力（asabiyya）
- 王朝的循环
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响
Ibn Khaldun opened his science of civilisation with the philosophers’ dictum that the human being is political by nature, explained by the need for cooperation (Muqaddima, 1377). Ibn Khaldun, al-Muqaddima (1377), tr. F. Rosenthal (1958); Aristotle, Politics
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
安萨里
受其影响
Ibn Khaldun named al-Ghazali the first to write in the way of the later theologians and shared his doubts about the philosophers’ metaphysical proofs (Muqaddima, 1377). Ibn Khaldun, al-Muqaddima (1377), sections on kalam and on philosophy, tr. F. Rosenthal (1958)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
安萨里 › 1058–1111
伊本·鲁世德（阿威罗伊）
受其影响 ✓
According to his contemporary and friend Ibn al-Khatib, the young Ibn Khaldun wrote several summaries of works by Averroes, besides books on logic and arithmetic. Ibn al-Khatib, al-Ihata fi akhbar Gharnata (notice on Ibn Khaldun); F. Rosenthal, introduction to Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah (1958)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
伊本·鲁世德（阿威罗伊） › 1126–1198
法赫尔丁·拉齐
受其影响 ✓
Ibn Khaldun’s first work, Lubab al-Muhassal (1351), was an abridgement of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s theological summa, the Muhassal, drawing on al-Tusi’s critical notes. Ibn Khaldun, Lubab al-Muhassal fi usul al-din (1351), ed. L. Rubio (1952); F. Rosenthal, introduction to Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah (1958)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
法赫尔丁·拉齐 › 约1150–1210年
影响了 4
穆罕默德·阿布笛
影响了
Appointed to teach history at Dar al-Ulum in Cairo in 1879, Abduh is reported to have based his lectures on Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddima. C. C. Adams, Islam and Modernism in Egypt (1933); A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (1962)
依据: AI 草稿
穆罕默德·阿布笛 › 1849–1905
何塞·奥尔特加·伊·加塞特
影响了
In “Ibn Khaldun reveals the secret” (El Sol 1927–28; El Espectador VIII, 1934) Ortega used Ibn Khaldun’s philosophy of history and his concept of asabiyya to explain the history of North Africa and Spain’s situation in Morocco. J. Ortega y Gasset, “Abenjaldún nos revela el secreto (Pensamientos sobre África Menor)”, El Sol 1927–28; El Espectador VIII (1934)
依据: AI 草稿
何塞·奥尔特加·伊·加塞特 › 1883–1955
马立克·本纳比
影响了
Bennabi took up Ibn Khaldun’s question of how civilisations rise and decline and read Muslim history as such a cycle (Vocation de l’Islam, 1954). M. Bennabi, Les Conditions de la renaissance (1949); Vocation de l’Islam (1954)
依据: AI 草稿
马立克·本纳比 › 1905–1973
穆罕默德·阿比德·贾布里
影响了
Al-Jabri’s doctoral thesis, published as Ibn Khaldun’s Thought: Asabiyya and the State (1971), read the Muqaddima as a theory of tribal solidarity and state power in Islamic history. M. A. al-Jabri, Fikr Ibn Khaldun: al-asabiyya wa-l-dawla (1971)
依据: AI 草稿
穆罕默德·阿比德·贾布里 › 1935–2010
批评
受批评于 1
塔哈·侯赛因
受其批评
In his Paris thesis (1917, printed 1918) Taha Hussein examined Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddima as a social philosophy, analytically and critically, against the sociology of his day. T. Hussein, Étude analytique et critique de la philosophie sociale d’Ibn Khaldoun (1918)
依据: AI 草稿
塔哈·侯赛因 › 1889–1973
批评了 1
伊本·西那（阿维森纳）
批评了
Ibn Khaldun argued that the metaphysics of the philosophers, among whom he named al-Farabi and Avicenna, cannot reach certainty about what lies beyond experience (Muqaddima VI, 1377). Ibn Khaldūn, al-Muqaddima (1377), ch. VI, ‘A refutation of philosophy’, tr. F. Rosenthal, 1958, vol. III
依据: AI 草稿
伊本·西那（阿维森纳） › 980–1037
作品
- 1377历史绪论（Muqaddimah）
历史学导论：群体凝聚力、王朝、经济。
立场
In the Muqaddimah, the introduction to his world history, Ibn Khaldun set out a new science of human society and civilisation. Historians, he argued, must test reports against what is possible given the nature of social life, rather than simply repeating sources. The driving force of history is asabiyya, the group solidarity of nomadic and rural kin groups, which allows them to found dynasties. Once settled in cities, however, rulers grow used to luxury, solidarity fades, and after about three generations the dynasty falls to a new, tougher group. His analysis of economy, power and culture has made him widely regarded as a forerunner of sociology and economic history.
生平与背景
Born in Tunis in 1332 into a family of Andalusian origin, Ibn Khaldun served as secretary, diplomat and minister at North African and Andalusian courts in a time of plague and constant upheaval. In 1375 he withdrew to a remote fortress to write his great history. He later lived in Cairo as a judge, met the conqueror Timur at Damascus in 1401, and died in Cairo in 1406.
其他主要作品
- Book of Lessons (Kitab al-Ibar) (c. 1382)
- Autobiography (al-Tarif) (c. 1405)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘从巴格达到伊斯法罕’ · 第 7 站，共 9 站
- 旅程 ‘社会学如何从哲学中产生’ · 第 1 站，共 12 站
- 旅程 ‘社会如何变得可以思考’ · 第 1 站，共 12 站
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