Friedrich Hölderlin
Przed każdym sądem, który oddziela podmiot od przedmiotu, istnieje pierwotna jedność bytu, do której może się jeszcze zbliżyć tylko poezja.
Umiejscowienie
Poeta i filozof; współlokator Hegla i Schellinga w Tybindze. „Sąd i byt” krytykuje Fichtego.
Kluczowe idee
- Sąd i byt
- Poetyckie zamieszkiwanie
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 3
Platon
pod wpływem
In Hyperion (1797–99) Hölderlin named the beloved after Diotima in Plato’s Symposium and, in a Platonic vein, made beauty the visible sign of the unity of all being. F. Hölderlin, Hyperion oder der Eremit in Griechenland (1797–99); Plato, Symposium
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Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Baruch Spinoza
pod wpływem
In Tübingen Hölderlin made excerpts from Jacobi’s Letters on Spinoza (c. 1790–91), and ‘hen kai pan’, one and all, became a watchword he shared with Hegel. F. Hölderlin, excerpts from F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen (c. 1790–91); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)
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Baruch Spinoza › 1632–1677
Immanuel Kant
pod wpływem
Hölderlin studied Kant from his Tübingen years and, writing to his brother (1799), called him ‘the Moses of our nation’, leading it out of Egyptian slackness. F. Hölderlin, letter to his brother Karl Gok, 1 Jan. 1799
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Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Wpływ na 4
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
wpływ na
In Frankfurt (1797–1800) Hegel took up Hölderlin’s philosophy of unification, which shaped his early concepts of love and life, as D. Henrich has argued. D. Henrich, “Hegel und Hölderlin” (1970), in Hegel im Kontext (1971); G. W. F. Hegel, Der Geist des Christentums und sein Schicksal (1798–1800)
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling
wpływ na ✓
Hölderlin’s share in Schelling’s turn is debated; D. Henrich reads ‘Urtheil und Seyn’ (1795), which puts Being before subject and object, as a step towards Schelling’s identity philosophy. F. Hölderlin, “Urtheil und Seyn” (1795); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)
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Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling › 1775–1854
Friedrich Nietzsche
wpływ na ✓
As a pupil at Schulpforta Nietzsche wrote an essay recommending Hölderlin to a friend as his favourite poet (1861), at a time when Hölderlin was little read. F. Nietzsche, “Brief an meinen Freund, in dem ich ihm meinen Lieblingsdichter zum Lesen empfehle” (1861)
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Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Martin Heidegger
wpływ na
Beginning with lectures on ‘Germanien’ and ‘Der Rhein’ (1934–35), Heidegger read Hölderlin as the poet of poetry’s essence and of the gods’ absence (Erläuterungen zu Hölderlins Dichtung, 1944). M. Heidegger, Hölderlins Hymnen “Germanien” und “Der Rhein” (lectures 1934–35; publ. 1980); “Hölderlin und das Wesen der Dichtung” (1936); Erläuterungen zu Hölderlins Dichtung (1944)
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Martin Heidegger › 1889–1976
Krytyka
Krytykuje 1
Johann Gottlieb Fichte pod wpływem
pod wpływem
Hölderlin heard Fichte’s lectures in Jena in the winter of 1794–95 and studied the Wissenschaftslehre closely; his own philosophical sketches start from its problem of the absolute I. J. G. Fichte, Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre (1794); F. Hölderlin, letters from Jena (1794–95); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)
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krytykuje
Hölderlin objected that Fichte’s absolute I, lacking any object, could have no consciousness, and placed Being before the division of subject and object (‘Urtheil und Seyn’, 1795). F. Hölderlin, “Urtheil und Seyn” (1795); letter to Hegel, 26 Jan. 1795; D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte › 1762–1814
Dzieła
- ok. 1795Sąd i byt
Byt leży przed wszelkim rozdzieleniem podmiotu i przedmiotu – wbrew Ja Fichtego.
Stanowisko
Though best known as a poet, Hölderlin made a decisive philosophical move in his short fragment “Judgment and Being”. Against Fichte he argued that the self-conscious “I” cannot be the first principle, since self-consciousness already splits subject and object. Before every such division lies “Being” as an original unity, which we can never grasp in a judgment but only intimate – above all in poetry and beauty. This idea fed into Schelling’s and Hegel’s turn beyond Fichte. His late hymns, with their meditation on the absence of the gods and on “dwelling poetically”, later became central for Heidegger.
Życie i kontekst
Hölderlin studied theology at the Tübingen seminary, sharing a room and ideas with Hegel and Schelling, and heard Fichte in Jena. He earned his living as a private tutor; in Frankfurt his love for Susette Gontard became the “Diotima” of his work. From 1806 he lived, mentally ill, for 36 years in a tower room in Tübingen in the care of a carpenter’s family.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Judgment and Being (1795)
- Hyperion, or the Hermit in Greece (1797–1799)
- The Death of Empedocles, fragments (1797–1800)
- Late hymns, e.g. “Patmos” (1803)
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