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菲利普·德斯科拉

1949年生

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

德斯科拉认为，各民族不仅在文化上不同，而且在识别存在者的方式上也不同：比较内在性与物理性，便得出四种本体论——万物有灵论、图腾论、类比论和自然主义；现代把一个自然与多种文化分开的做法是其中之一，而不是人类学的中立基础。

定位

结构主义与后结构主义 相邻学科：人类学 · 西欧 · 形而上学, 社会与历史, 科学

法国人类学家，列维-斯特劳斯的学生，曾在厄瓜多尔亚马孙地区的阿丘阿尔人中做田野调查：《超越自然与文化》（2005）把现代西方对自然与文化的划分即“自然主义”视为人类社会中可见的四种本体论之一，另外三种是万物有灵论、图腾论和类比论。

核心思想

  • 四种本体论：万物有灵论、图腾论、类比论、自然主义
  • 自然主义只是诸本体论之一
  • 内在性与物理性
  • 自然人类学

老师: 克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯

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影响

受影响于 1

  • 克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 师从

    师从

    Descola wrote his doctoral thesis on the Achuar of Amazonian Ecuador under Lévi-Strauss’s supervision (EHESS, 1983); it was printed as La nature domestique (1986). P. Descola, La nature domestique (1986); Collège de France, biography of P. Descola

    依据: AI 草稿

    克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 › 1908–2009

影响了 1

  • 布鲁诺·拉图尔

    影响了

    Latour took up Descola’s analysis of naturalism as one ontology among four to question the Moderns’ divide of nature and culture (‘Perspectivism: “Type” or “bomb”?’, 2009). B. Latour, “Perspectivism: ‘Type’ or ‘bomb’?”, Anthropology Today 25/2 (2009); Sur le culte moderne des dieux faitiches (1996; 2009); P. Descola, Par-delà nature et culture (2005)

    依据: AI 草稿

    布鲁诺·拉图尔 › 1947–2022

批评

受批评于 1

  • 爱德华多·维韦罗斯·德卡斯特罗

    受其批评

    Viveiros de Castro objected that Descola turns perspectivism into one type within a typology of ontologies, defusing its challenge to Western thought (debate, Paris, 2009; Métaphysiques cannibales, 2009). Public debate, Maison Suger, Paris, 30 Jan. 2009, reported in B. Latour, “Perspectivism: ‘Type’ or ‘Bomb’?”, Anthropology Today 25/2 (2009); E. Viveiros de Castro, Métaphysiques cannibales (2009); P. Descola, Par-delà nature et culture (2005)

    依据: AI 草稿

    爱德华多·维韦罗斯·德卡斯特罗 › 1951年生

作品

  • 1986家养的自然

    德斯科拉关于厄瓜多尔阿丘阿尔人的博士研究：园艺、狩猎和森林利用与亲属关系交织在一起，妇女把栽培植物当作孩子，男人把猎物当作姻亲，因此生态与象征无法分开。

  • 2005超越自然与文化

    比较研究各民族如何通过赋予其他存在者与自己相同或不同的内在性和物理性来识别它们；由此产生的四种本体论——万物有灵论、图腾论、类比论和自然主义——使现代的自然与文化之分成为诸多可能之一。

立场

Descola is on the map for a comparative anthropology of the relations between humans and non-humans. The Achuar studies (“La Nature domestique”, 1986; “The Spears of Twilight”, 1993) described a world in which women treat garden plants as their children and men treat game animals as in-laws, so that “nature” appears as a society of persons. From there Descola asked whether the opposition of nature and culture, long taken for granted in anthropology, is itself a local idea. “Beyond Nature and Culture” (2005) distinguishes four “modes of identification” by the way people attribute to other beings an interiority and a physicality similar to or different from their own: animism (similar interiorities, different bodies), naturalism (different interiorities, the same physical make-up), totemism (similar in both) and analogism (different in both, held together by networks of correspondences). Modern naturalism, in this account, is one ontology among four. The book carries Lévi-Strauss’s structural method into a comparison of ontologies; Latour took it up in science studies, and it is often discussed together with Viveiros de Castro’s work under the heading of an “ontological turn” in anthropology. Viveiros de Castro, a long-standing interlocutor, objected that such a typology defuses the challenge of Amerindian thought; the two debated this in public in Paris in 2009. Later books dealt with images (“La Fabrique des images”, 2010).

生平与背景

Philippe Descola was born in Paris in 1949. After studying philosophy at the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud, where Maurice Godelier was among the teachers, Descola trained in ethnology at the University of Paris X (Nanterre) and the École pratique des hautes études. From 1976 to 1979 Descola did fieldwork among the Achuar, a Jivaroan people of the Ecuadorian Amazon, together with the anthropologist Anne-Christine Taylor; the doctoral thesis on the Achuar’s relations with their environment, supervised by Claude Lévi-Strauss, followed in 1983. After teaching at the university in Quito, Descola became maître de conférences at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) and in 1989 directeur d’études there. From 2000 to 2019 Descola held the chair of anthropology of nature at the Collège de France and until 2013 directed the Laboratoire d’anthropologie sociale. In 2012 the CNRS awarded Descola its gold medal.

其他主要作品

  • La Nature domestique. Symbolisme et praxis dans l’écologie des Achuar (1986; In the Society of Nature, 1994)
  • Les Lances du crépuscule (1993; The Spears of Twilight, 1996)
  • Par-delà nature et culture (2005; Beyond Nature and Culture, 2013)
  • La Fabrique des images (2010)
  • La Composition des mondes (2014, conversations with Pierre Charbonnier)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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