एंडी क्लार्क
मन खोपड़ी पर नहीं रुकता – नोटबुकें, फ़ोन और उपकरण हमारे चिंतन का भाग हो सकते हैं – और मस्तिष्क सबसे बढ़कर एक पूर्वानुमान-मशीन है।
पृष्ठभूमि
ससेक्स के संज्ञान-विज्ञान के दार्शनिक: मन खोपड़ी से बाहर नोटबुकों और उपकरणों तक फैलता है – हम “जन्मजात साइबॉर्ग” हैं – और मस्तिष्क एक पूर्वानुमान-मशीन है।
मुख्य विचार
- विस्तारित मन (चाल्मर्स के साथ)
- देहधारी संज्ञान
- पूर्वानुमानात्मक प्रसंस्करण
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Clark drew on Heidegger’s analysis of ready-to-hand equipment, used fluently without being represented, for his action-oriented account of embodied cognition (Being There, 1997). A. Clark, Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again (1997); M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (1927); SEP “Embodied Cognition”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
लिव वाइगोत्सकी
जिनसे प्रभावित
Clark took up Vygotsky’s view of speech as a tool that guides thought, treating public language as external scaffolding for cognition (Being There, 1997). A. Clark, Being There (1997); L. S. Vygotsky, Myshlenie i rech’ (1934; Engl. Thought and Language, 1962)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लिव वाइगोत्सकी › 1896–1934
मोरिस मर्लो-पोंती
जिनसे प्रभावित
Clark took up Merleau-Ponty’s view of the body as the subject of skilled engagement with the world for an embodied, action-oriented cognitive science (Being There, 1997). A. Clark, Being There (1997); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945); SEP “Embodied Cognition”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मोरिस मर्लो-पोंती › 1908–1961
डैनियल डेनेट
जिनसे प्रभावित
Clark took up Dennett’s picture of words as tools that augment cognition, treating public language as an external artefact that reshapes the brain’s computational tasks (‘Magic Words’, 1998). A. Clark, “Magic Words: How Language Augments Human Computation”, in P. Carruthers and J. Boucher (eds.), Language and Thought (1998); D. C. Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (1995)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डैनियल डेनेट › 1942–2024
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
Clark rejected the Cartesian picture of the mind as an inner, disembodied reasoner: cognition is embodied and can extend into tools and environment (Being There, 1997). A. Clark, Being There (1997); A. Clark & D. J. Chalmers, “The Extended Mind”, Analysis 58 (1998); Supersizing the Mind (2008)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
जेरी फ़ोडर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Clark defended connectionist models against Fodor and Pylyshyn’s claim that only a classical language of thought can explain the systematicity of cognition (Microcognition, 1989). A. Clark, Microcognition (1989); Associative Engines (1993); J. Fodor & Z. Pylyshyn, “Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture”, Cognition 28 (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जेरी फ़ोडर › 1935–2017
मत
Clark is a leading advocate of the view that cognition is embodied, embedded and extended. “Being There”, drawing on robotics and developmental psychology as well as on Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, argued that minds evolved not to build detailed inner models of the world but to guide action, letting the body and the environment do part of the work. “The Extended Mind”, written with David Chalmers, argued that when an external resource plays the same role as an inner process – Otto’s notebook standing in for Inga’s biological memory – it is literally part of the mind. “Natural-Born Cyborgs” holds that humans have always been cyborgs, creatures whose thinking incorporates tools, from writing to smartphones. His later work champions predictive processing: the brain is fundamentally a prediction machine that constantly anticipates incoming signals and learns from its errors, so that perception is a kind of controlled hallucination checked by the senses, and action a way of making predictions come true. “The Experience Machine” draws out what this means for pain, placebo effects, mental health and self-knowledge.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Andy Clark (born 1957 in London) studied at the University of Stirling, where he took his doctorate in 1984. He taught at Glasgow and Sussex, directed the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology programme at Washington University in St. Louis from 1993 and the cognitive science programme at Indiana University from 2002, and in 2004 became professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh. Since 2019 he has been professor of cognitive philosophy at the University of Sussex. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 2025 he received the inaugural Dennett Prize.
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Microcognition (1989)
- Being There (1997)
- The Extended Mind (with David Chalmers, 1998)
- Natural-Born Cyborgs (2003)
- Supersizing the Mind (2008)
- Surfing Uncertainty (2016)
- The Experience Machine (2023)
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