彼得·阿伯拉尔
一般概念是我们用于彼此相似的事物的词语——而一个行为的善恶取决于其背后的意图。
定位
逻辑学家与辩证学家；在共相之争中，他主张共相是词（sermones），而不是事物，并发展出一种意图伦理学。
核心思想
- 《是与否》（Sic et non）
- 意图伦理学
- 共相即词（sermones）
学生: 埃洛伊丝
影响
受影响于 4
奥古斯丁
受其影响
Abelard’s Sic et non set conflicting patristic texts, many from Augustine, side by side, and his ethics of intention built on Augustine’s view of sin as consent. Abelard, Sic et non; Scito te ipsum (Ethics); SEP “Peter Abelard”
依据: AI 草稿
奥古斯丁 › 354–430
波爱修
受其影响
Abelard wrote his logic largely as glosses on Boethius’ translations and commentaries and took the problem of universals from Boethius’ commentary on Porphyry. Abelard, Logica ‘Ingredientibus’; Boethius, In Isagogen Porphyrii, editio secunda; SEP “Peter Abelard”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
波爱修 › 约477–524年
影响了 1
埃洛伊丝 教过
教过
Attested by both: Abelard’s Historia calamitatum (c. 1132) tells how Fulbert engaged him as Héloïse’s tutor, and her letters to him recall it. Abelard, Historia calamitatum; Héloïse, letters to Abelard (ed. D. Luscombe, The Letter Collection of Peter Abelard and Heloise, 2013)
依据: AI 草稿
埃洛伊丝 › 约1100–1164年
作品
- 约1121年是与否（Sic et non）
把相互矛盾的权威论断并列在一起——经院方法的一个范本。
立场
Abelard brought the edge of logic into theology. In the dispute over universals he argued that general terms such as “human” are neither things in the world nor empty sounds, but words that signify a shared status of individuals – a position later called conceptualism. His Sic et non set contradictory authorities side by side so that readers learned to resolve conflicts by careful questioning, a method that shaped scholastic teaching. In ethics he held that sin lies not in the deed but in the consent of the will: what counts morally is intention. Héloïse’s letters to him argue for an equally strict ethics of intention. This turn inward made him a forerunner of modern ethics of conscience.
生平与背景
Born in Brittany in 1079, Abelard studied under Roscelin and William of Champeaux and became a celebrated and combative teacher in Paris. His love affair with his pupil Héloïse, already famous for her learning, ended in scandal, his castration and a monastic life. His teaching was condemned at the councils of Soissons (1121) and Sens (1141), the latter driven by Bernard of Clairvaux; he died at a Cluniac priory in 1142.
其他主要作品
- Logica ingredientibus (c. 1120)
- Historia calamitatum (c. 1132)
- Ethics, or Know Yourself (c. 1138)
- Dialogue between a Philosopher, a Jew and a Christian (c. 1140)
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