Piotr Abelard
Pojęcia ogólne są słowami, których używamy dla rzeczy podobnych do siebie – a czyn jest dobry lub zły przez intencję, która za nim stoi.
Umiejscowienie
Logik i dialektyk; w sporze o uniwersalia twierdził, że uniwersalia są słowami (sermones), a nie rzeczami, i rozwinął etykę intencji.
Kluczowe idee
- Sic et non
- Etyka intencji
- Uniwersalia jako słowa (sermones)
Uczniowie: Heloiza
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Arystoteles
pod wpływem
Knowing only Aristotle’s Categories and On Interpretation in Boethius’ Latin, Abelard built on them his logic and his view that universals are words, not things. Abelard, Logica ‘Ingredientibus’; Dialectica; SEP “Peter Abelard”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
Porfiriusz
pod wpływem
Abelard wrote his main logic as glosses on Porphyry’s Isagoge, answering its three questions about genera and species with his theory of universals as meaningful words. Abelard, Logica ‘Ingredientibus’ (Glosses on Porphyry); SEP “Peter Abelard”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Porfiriusz › ok. 234–305
Augustyn z Hippony
pod wpływem
Abelard’s Sic et non set conflicting patristic texts, many from Augustine, side by side, and his ethics of intention built on Augustine’s view of sin as consent. Abelard, Sic et non; Scito te ipsum (Ethics); SEP “Peter Abelard”
Źródło: szkic AI
Augustyn z Hippony › 354–430
Boecjusz
pod wpływem
Abelard wrote his logic largely as glosses on Boethius’ translations and commentaries and took the problem of universals from Boethius’ commentary on Porphyry. Abelard, Logica ‘Ingredientibus’; Boethius, In Isagogen Porphyrii, editio secunda; SEP “Peter Abelard”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Boecjusz › ok. 477–524
Wpływ na 1
Heloiza uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
Attested by both: Abelard’s Historia calamitatum (c. 1132) tells how Fulbert engaged him as Héloïse’s tutor, and her letters to him recall it. Abelard, Historia calamitatum; Héloïse, letters to Abelard (ed. D. Luscombe, The Letter Collection of Peter Abelard and Heloise, 2013)
Źródło: szkic AI
Heloiza › ok. 1100–1164
Dzieła
- ok. 1121Sic et non
Sprzeczne autorytety obok siebie – wzór dla metody scholastycznej.
Stanowisko
Abelard brought the edge of logic into theology. In the dispute over universals he argued that general terms such as “human” are neither things in the world nor empty sounds, but words that signify a shared status of individuals – a position later called conceptualism. His Sic et non set contradictory authorities side by side so that readers learned to resolve conflicts by careful questioning, a method that shaped scholastic teaching. In ethics he held that sin lies not in the deed but in the consent of the will: what counts morally is intention. Héloïse’s letters to him argue for an equally strict ethics of intention. This turn inward made him a forerunner of modern ethics of conscience.
Życie i kontekst
Born in Brittany in 1079, Abelard studied under Roscelin and William of Champeaux and became a celebrated and combative teacher in Paris. His love affair with his pupil Héloïse, already famous for her learning, ended in scandal, his castration and a monastic life. His teaching was condemned at the councils of Soissons (1121) and Sens (1141), the latter driven by Bernard of Clairvaux; he died at a Cluniac priory in 1142.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Logica ingredientibus (c. 1120)
- Historia calamitatum (c. 1132)
- Ethics, or Know Yourself (c. 1138)
- Dialogue between a Philosopher, a Jew and a Christian (c. 1140)
Stan na listopad 2026 · Źródła · Ulepsz tę stronę · Jak powstaje Agora