بيار أبيلار
المفاهيم العامة ألفاظ نستعملها للأشياء المتشابهة – والفعل خير أو شر بحسب النية التي وراءه.
التموضع
منطقي وجدلي؛ في الجدل حول الكليات رأى أن الكليات كلمات (sermones) لا أشياء، ووضع أخلاقًا للنية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- نعم ولا (Sic et non)
- أخلاق النية
- الكليات كلمات (sermones)
التلاميذ: إلواز
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
فرفوريوس الصوري
تأثّر بـ
Abelard wrote his main logic as glosses on Porphyry’s Isagoge, answering its three questions about genera and species with his theory of universals as meaningful words. Abelard, Logica ‘Ingredientibus’ (Glosses on Porphyry); SEP “Peter Abelard”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
فرفوريوس الصوري › نحو 234–305
أوغسطينوس
تأثّر بـ
Abelard’s Sic et non set conflicting patristic texts, many from Augustine, side by side, and his ethics of intention built on Augustine’s view of sin as consent. Abelard, Sic et non; Scito te ipsum (Ethics); SEP “Peter Abelard”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أوغسطينوس › 354–430
بوثيوس
تأثّر بـ
Abelard wrote his logic largely as glosses on Boethius’ translations and commentaries and took the problem of universals from Boethius’ commentary on Porphyry. Abelard, Logica ‘Ingredientibus’; Boethius, In Isagogen Porphyrii, editio secunda; SEP “Peter Abelard”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بوثيوس › نحو 477–524
أثّر في 1
إلواز علّم
علّم
Attested by both: Abelard’s Historia calamitatum (c. 1132) tells how Fulbert engaged him as Héloïse’s tutor, and her letters to him recall it. Abelard, Historia calamitatum; Héloïse, letters to Abelard (ed. D. Luscombe, The Letter Collection of Peter Abelard and Heloise, 2013)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إلواز › نحو 1100–1164
الأعمال
- نحو 1121نعم ولا (Sic et non)
سلطات متناقضة جنبًا إلى جنب – نموذج للمنهج السكولائي.
الموقف
Abelard brought the edge of logic into theology. In the dispute over universals he argued that general terms such as “human” are neither things in the world nor empty sounds, but words that signify a shared status of individuals – a position later called conceptualism. His Sic et non set contradictory authorities side by side so that readers learned to resolve conflicts by careful questioning, a method that shaped scholastic teaching. In ethics he held that sin lies not in the deed but in the consent of the will: what counts morally is intention. Héloïse’s letters to him argue for an equally strict ethics of intention. This turn inward made him a forerunner of modern ethics of conscience.
الحياة والسياق
Born in Brittany in 1079, Abelard studied under Roscelin and William of Champeaux and became a celebrated and combative teacher in Paris. His love affair with his pupil Héloïse, already famous for her learning, ended in scandal, his castration and a monastic life. His teaching was condemned at the councils of Soissons (1121) and Sens (1141), the latter driven by Bernard of Clairvaux; he died at a Cluniac priory in 1142.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Logica ingredientibus (c. 1120)
- Historia calamitatum (c. 1132)
- Ethics, or Know Yourself (c. 1138)
- Dialogue between a Philosopher, a Jew and a Christian (c. 1140)
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