جورج هنريك فون رايت
لمعايير الإلزام والإباحة منطق خاص بها، موازٍ لمنطق الضرورة والإمكان؛ وأفعال البشر تُفهم لا تُفسَّر سببيًا – عبر القياس العملي الذي يربط ما ينويه الفاعلون ويعتقدونه بما يفعلونه.
التموضع
فيلسوف فنلندي، خلف فتغنشتاين في كامبريدج وأحد منفّذي وصيته الأدبية: أسس المنطق الإلزامي الحديث (deontic)، منطق الواجب والإباحة، ورأى أن الأفعال تُفهم عبر القصود والاستدلال العملي لا بقوانين سببية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- المنطق الإلزامي (deontic)
- التفسير والفهم
- القياس العملي
- تحرير أوراق فتغنشتاين
الأساتذة: لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين, إينو كيلا
التلاميذ: ياكو هينتيكا
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Von Wright met Wittgenstein in Cambridge in 1939 and attended his lectures; in 1948 he succeeded him in the Cambridge chair and later became one of his literary executors. G. H. von Wright, “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp & L. E. Hahn (eds.), The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright (1989)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين › 1889–1951
إينو كيلا تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Von Wright studied with Kaila in Helsinki, who introduced him to logical empiricism, and took his doctorate there in 1941 with The Logical Problem of Induction. G. H. von Wright, “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp & L. E. Hahn (eds.), The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright (1989)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
إينو كيلا › 1890–1958
إليزابيث أنسكوم
تأثّر بـ
Von Wright developed Anscombe’s practical syllogism from Intention (1957) into a teleological model of understanding action, set against causal explanation (Explanation and Understanding, 1971). G. H. von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (1971); G. E. M. Anscombe, Intention (1957)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إليزابيث أنسكوم › 1919–2001
أثّر في 2
بول ريكور
أثّر في
Ricœur took from von Wright’s Explanation and Understanding (1971) the model of intervention, which joins causal and teleological explanation, for historical explanation (Time and Narrative I, 1983). P. Ricœur, Temps et récit I (1983); Du texte à l’action (1986); G. H. von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (1971)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بول ريكور › 1913–2005
ياكو هينتيكا علّم
علّم ✓
Hintikka studied with von Wright in Helsinki and took his doctorate under him in 1953 with a dissertation on distributive normal forms in the predicate calculus. J. Hintikka, “Intellectual Autobiography”, in R. E. Auxier & L. E. Hahn (eds.), The Philosophy of Jaakko Hintikka (2006)
ياكو هينتيكا › 1929–2015
الأعمال
مقال في «Mind» يعالج الوجوب والإباحة والحظر معاملات منطقية مماثلة للضرورة والإمكان ويضع قوانين تربط بينها – نقطة انطلاق منطق الواجبات علمًا قائمًا.
يقارن تقليد التفسير السببي «الغاليلي» بتقليد الفهم الغائي «الأرسطي» ويجادل بأن الأفعال تُفهم عبر القياس العملي – قصد الفاعل ومعتقداته – وهو ليس قانونًا سببيًا.
الموقف
Von Wright is on the map as a founder of modern philosophical logic and a bridge between analytic philosophy and the hermeneutic tradition. In “Deontic Logic” (1951) he showed that the concepts of obligation, permission and prohibition behave like the modal concepts of necessity and possibility and can be treated in a formal system; the paper launched modern deontic logic as a field (an earlier attempt was Ernst Mally’s “Grundgesetze des Sollens”, 1926, from Meinong’s school in Graz), and “Norm and Action” (1963) placed it within a general theory of norms. He also contributed to the logic of preference, of action and of time. In “Explanation and Understanding” (1971) he contrasted a “Galilean” tradition of causal explanation with an “Aristotelian” tradition of teleological understanding and argued, building on Anscombe’s “Intention”, that actions are understood through the practical syllogism: an agent intends an end and believes that a certain action is needed for it, and so sets about doing it – a connection that is logical, not causal. The book was widely discussed by hermeneutic philosophers, among them Paul Ricoeur, and helped to bring the two traditions into conversation. As an editor of Wittgenstein’s papers he shaped how Wittgenstein’s later work became known. His student Jaakko Hintikka continued the Finnish tradition in logic.
الحياة والسياق
Georg Henrik von Wright was born on 14 June 1916 in Helsinki into a Swedish-speaking family. He studied philosophy with Eino Kaila and in 1939 went to Cambridge, where he attended Wittgenstein’s lectures and came to know G. E. Moore and C. D. Broad. His doctoral thesis, “The Logical Problem of Induction”, appeared in 1941. He became professor in Helsinki in 1946 and in 1948 succeeded Wittgenstein as professor of philosophy at Cambridge, returning to Finland in 1951. With Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Rhees he was one of Wittgenstein’s literary executors and edited many of his posthumous writings. From 1961 he was a member of the Academy of Finland, and from 1965 to 1977 he also held a visiting professorship at Cornell University. In Finland and Sweden he was a prominent public intellectual and a critic of the belief in technological progress. He died in Helsinki on 16 June 2003.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Logical Problem of Induction (1941)
- An Essay in Modal Logic (1951)
- Norm and Action (1963)
- The Varieties of Goodness (1963)
- Wittgenstein (1982)
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora