فرنسيسكو سواريز
يمكن تنظيم الميتافيزيقا نسقًا كاملًا، والأمم ملزمة بقانون مشترك، والسلطة السياسية تأتي من الشعب.
التموضع
يسوعي وأحد أبرز أعلام السكولائية المتأخرة: شكّلت ميتافيزيقاه المنهجية فلسفة المدارس في أوروبا، ونظريته في القانون قانونَ الشعوب.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الميتافيزيقا نسقًا
- القانون الطبيعي وقانون الشعوب
- السلطة للشعب
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
أرسطو
تأثّر بـ
Suárez’s Metaphysical Disputations (1597) treat Aristotle’s metaphysics no longer as a commentary but by topics, with an index matching his questions to Aristotle’s books. F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597), with the Index locupletissimus in Metaphysicam Aristotelis; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
توما الأكويني
تأثّر بـ
Suárez lectured on Aquinas’ Summa and wrote within the Thomist tradition, yet departed from it, denying a real distinction between essence and existence (Disputationes metaphysicae XXXI). F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597), disp. XXXI; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توما الأكويني › نحو 1225–1274
دانز سكوطس
تأثّر بـ
Suárez discussed Scotus at length in the Metaphysical Disputations (1597), drawing on Scotist intrinsic modes for his modal distinction while rejecting haecceity as principle of individuation. F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597), disp. V–VII; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
دانز سكوطس › نحو 1266–1308
فرانثيسكو دي فيتوريا
تأثّر بـ
Suárez developed the law of nations of the School of Salamanca, begun by Vitoria, treating ius gentium as human law common to peoples (De legibus II, 1612). F. Suárez, De legibus ac Deo legislatore (1612), book II; SEP “School of Salamanca”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانثيسكو دي فيتوريا › نحو 1483–1546
أثّر في 3
هوغو غروتيوس
أثّر في
Grotius cited Suárez’s De legibus (1612) in On the Law of War and Peace (1625); in a letter he praised his acuity in philosophy and theology. H. Grotius, De iure belli ac pacis (1625); letter to J. Cordesius (in Epistolae, 1687); F. Suárez, De legibus ac Deo legislatore (1612); SEP “Francisco Suárez”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
هوغو غروتيوس › 1583–1645
رينيه ديكارت
أثّر في مختلف عليها ✓
In the Fourth Replies (1641) Descartes cited Suárez’s Metaphysical Disputations on material falsity, the one place he names him; how far Suárez shaped him is disputed. R. Descartes, Fourth Replies (1641); F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597); R. Ariew, Descartes and the Last Scholastics (1999)
رينيه ديكارت › 1596–1650
غوتفريد لايبنتس
أثّر في ✓
Leibniz recalled reading scholastics such as Suárez in his youth; his dissertation On the Principle of Individuation (1663) defended, with Suárez, individuation by the whole entity. G. W. Leibniz, Disputatio metaphysica de principio individui (1663); Vita Leibnitii a se ipso breviter delineata; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
غوتفريد لايبنتس › 1646–1716
الأعمال
أربع وخمسون مناظرة – تُعدّ غالبًا أول ميتافيزيقا منهجية منفصلة عن شرح أرسطو.
الموقف
Suárez’s Metaphysical Disputations are often regarded as the first comprehensive metaphysics arranged by topics rather than as a commentary on Aristotle. Its subject is being as such; between a thing’s essence and its existence he saw no real distinction, only one drawn by thought, and every individual is individual through its whole being. The work became a textbook at Catholic and Protestant universities alike and shaped Descartes, Leibniz and Wolff. In his theory of law he distinguished natural law from the law of nations and argued that God gives political power to the community as a whole, which then transfers it to rulers – a position directed against the divine right of kings.
الحياة والسياق
Francisco Suárez was born in Granada in 1548, joined the Jesuits while a student at Salamanca and taught theology at Segovia, Valladolid, Rome, Alcalá and Salamanca. In 1597 King Philip II appointed him to the chair of theology at Coimbra, which he held for nearly twenty years. Honored as “Doctor eximius”, the exceptional teacher, he died in Lisbon in 1617.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Metaphysical Disputations (1597)
- On Laws and God the Lawgiver (1612)
- Defense of the Catholic Faith (1613)
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