弗朗西斯科·苏亚雷斯
形而上学可以被组织成一个完整的体系，各民族受一种共同的法所约束，而政治权力来自人民。
定位
耶稣会士，晚期经院哲学的主要人物：他系统的形而上学塑造了欧洲的学院哲学，他的法学理论塑造了万民法。
核心思想
- 形而上学作为体系
- 自然法与万民法
- 权力在于人民
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响
Suárez’s Metaphysical Disputations (1597) treat Aristotle’s metaphysics no longer as a commentary but by topics, with an index matching his questions to Aristotle’s books. F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597), with the Index locupletissimus in Metaphysicam Aristotelis; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
托马斯·阿奎那
受其影响
Suárez lectured on Aquinas’ Summa and wrote within the Thomist tradition, yet departed from it, denying a real distinction between essence and existence (Disputationes metaphysicae XXXI). F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597), disp. XXXI; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·阿奎那 › 约1225–1274年
约翰·邓斯·司各脱
受其影响
Suárez discussed Scotus at length in the Metaphysical Disputations (1597), drawing on Scotist intrinsic modes for his modal distinction while rejecting haecceity as principle of individuation. F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597), disp. V–VII; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·邓斯·司各脱 › 约1266–1308年
弗朗西斯科·德·维多利亚
受其影响
Suárez developed the law of nations of the School of Salamanca, begun by Vitoria, treating ius gentium as human law common to peoples (De legibus II, 1612). F. Suárez, De legibus ac Deo legislatore (1612), book II; SEP “School of Salamanca”
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗西斯科·德·维多利亚 › 约1483–1546年
影响了 3
胡果·格劳秀斯
影响了
Grotius cited Suárez’s De legibus (1612) in On the Law of War and Peace (1625); in a letter he praised his acuity in philosophy and theology. H. Grotius, De iure belli ac pacis (1625); letter to J. Cordesius (in Epistolae, 1687); F. Suárez, De legibus ac Deo legislatore (1612); SEP “Francisco Suárez”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
胡果·格劳秀斯 › 1583–1645
勒内·笛卡尔
影响了 存在争议 ✓
In the Fourth Replies (1641) Descartes cited Suárez’s Metaphysical Disputations on material falsity, the one place he names him; how far Suárez shaped him is disputed. R. Descartes, Fourth Replies (1641); F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597); R. Ariew, Descartes and the Last Scholastics (1999)
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
影响了 ✓
Leibniz recalled reading scholastics such as Suárez in his youth; his dissertation On the Principle of Individuation (1663) defended, with Suárez, individuation by the whole entity. G. W. Leibniz, Disputatio metaphysica de principio individui (1663); Vita Leibnitii a se ipso breviter delineata; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
作品
- 1597形而上学辩论集
五十四篇辩论——常被视为第一部脱离亚里士多德注疏而成的系统形而上学。
立场
Suárez’s Metaphysical Disputations are often regarded as the first comprehensive metaphysics arranged by topics rather than as a commentary on Aristotle. Its subject is being as such; between a thing’s essence and its existence he saw no real distinction, only one drawn by thought, and every individual is individual through its whole being. The work became a textbook at Catholic and Protestant universities alike and shaped Descartes, Leibniz and Wolff. In his theory of law he distinguished natural law from the law of nations and argued that God gives political power to the community as a whole, which then transfers it to rulers – a position directed against the divine right of kings.
生平与背景
Francisco Suárez was born in Granada in 1548, joined the Jesuits while a student at Salamanca and taught theology at Segovia, Valladolid, Rome, Alcalá and Salamanca. In 1597 King Philip II appointed him to the chair of theology at Coimbra, which he held for nearly twenty years. Honored as “Doctor eximius”, the exceptional teacher, he died in Lisbon in 1617.
其他主要作品
- Metaphysical Disputations (1597)
- On Laws and God the Lawgiver (1612)
- Defense of the Catholic Faith (1613)
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