وليم الأوكامي
الألفاظ العامة مثل «الإنسانية» ليست إلا علامات في أذهاننا لا أشياء حقيقية – ولا ينبغي افتراض شيء بلا سبب، ما لم يكن بديهيًا أو معروفًا بالتجربة أو مشهودًا له في الكتاب المقدس.
التموضع
اسمي: المفاهيم الكلية مجرد علامات. وقاعدته بألّا يُفترض شيء بلا سبب – إلا إن كان بديهيًا أو معلومًا بالتجربة أو مشهودًا له بالكتاب المقدس – سُمّيت لاحقًا «موس أوكام»؛ أما صيغة «لا تُكثَّر الكيانات» فليست له.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- موس أوكام
- الاسمية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
أرسطو
تأثّر بـ ✓
Ockham commented on Aristotle’s logic and Physics and read the categories as classes of terms, admitting only substances and qualities as distinct things (Summa logicae, c. 1323). William of Ockham, Expositio in libros Physicorum; Summa logicae I (c. 1323); SEP “William of Ockham”
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
النقد
انتقده 1
جان بوريدان
انتقده
Buridan shared Ockham’s nominalism but rejected his reduction of quantity to substance and quality, holding quantity to be a really distinct accident. John Buridan, Quaestiones super octo libros Physicorum I; J. Zupko, John Buridan: Portrait of a Fourteenth-Century Arts Master, 2003
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جان بوريدان › نحو 1300–1360
ينتقد 2
توما الأكويني
انتقد
Ockham rejected Aquinas’ real distinction between essence and existence and the intelligible species in cognition as entities without need (Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II). William of Ockham, Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II qq. 12–13; SEP “William of Ockham”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توما الأكويني › نحو 1225–1274
دانز سكوطس تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ ✓
Ockham took over Scotus’ distinction between intuitive and abstractive cognition and his univocal concept of being, while rejecting common natures and the formal distinction. William of Ockham, Ordinatio, prologue q. 1; I d. 2; SEP “William of Ockham”
انتقد
Ockham rejected Scotus’ common natures and his formal distinction outside God: only individuals exist, and universals are concepts (Ordinatio I d. 2 q. 6). William of Ockham, Ordinatio I d. 2 qq. 1, 6; SEP “William of Ockham”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
دانز سكوطس › نحو 1266–1308
الأعمال
- نحو 1323خلاصة المنطق (Summa logicae)
منطق اسمي: الكليات علامات لا أشياء.
الموقف
Ockham is the leading figure of nominalism: only individual things exist. Universals are not entities in or behind things but signs in the mind and in language that stand for many individuals. Much of his work applies a principle of economy – do not assume more entities than necessary – later called “Ockham’s razor”. Since God is absolutely free and could have made the world otherwise, the order of nature is contingent and must be learned from experience. In politics he argued against papal absolutism and for limits on spiritual power. His logic and empiricism opened the “modern way” in late medieval thought.
الحياة والسياق
Born around 1287 in Ockham, Surrey, William became a Franciscan and studied in Oxford. Summoned to Avignon in 1324 to answer for his teaching, he sided with his order’s general in the dispute over apostolic poverty against Pope John XXII and fled in 1328 to Emperor Louis of Bavaria. He spent his remaining years in Munich writing political polemics and died there around 1347.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Commentary on the Sentences (c. 1318)
- Quodlibeta septem (c. 1324)
- Dialogus (c. 1334–1346)
- Breviloquium (c. 1340)
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