奥卡姆的威廉
像“人性”这样的一般名词只是我们心中的符号，而不是真实的事物——而除非出于某个理由，否则不应假定任何东西，除非它是自明的、由经验所知的，或有《圣经》为证。
定位
唯名论者：普遍概念只是记号。他的规则是：没有理由就不要设定任何东西——除非它是自明的、由经验得知的，或有圣经为证——后来被称为“奥卡姆剃刀”；“实体不应无必要地增加”这一公式并非出自他。
核心思想
- 奥卡姆剃刀
- 唯名论
影响
受影响于 1
亚里士多德
受其影响 ✓
Ockham commented on Aristotle’s logic and Physics and read the categories as classes of terms, admitting only substances and qualities as distinct things (Summa logicae, c. 1323). William of Ockham, Expositio in libros Physicorum; Summa logicae I (c. 1323); SEP “William of Ockham”
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
批评
受批评于 1
约翰·布里丹
受其批评
Buridan shared Ockham’s nominalism but rejected his reduction of quantity to substance and quality, holding quantity to be a really distinct accident. John Buridan, Quaestiones super octo libros Physicorum I; J. Zupko, John Buridan: Portrait of a Fourteenth-Century Arts Master, 2003
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·布里丹 › 约1300–1360年
批评了 2
托马斯·阿奎那
批评了
Ockham rejected Aquinas’ real distinction between essence and existence and the intelligible species in cognition as entities without need (Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II). William of Ockham, Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II qq. 12–13; SEP “William of Ockham”
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·阿奎那 › 约1225–1274年
约翰·邓斯·司各脱 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
Ockham took over Scotus’ distinction between intuitive and abstractive cognition and his univocal concept of being, while rejecting common natures and the formal distinction. William of Ockham, Ordinatio, prologue q. 1; I d. 2; SEP “William of Ockham”
批评了
Ockham rejected Scotus’ common natures and his formal distinction outside God: only individuals exist, and universals are concepts (Ordinatio I d. 2 q. 6). William of Ockham, Ordinatio I d. 2 qq. 1, 6; SEP “William of Ockham”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·邓斯·司各脱 › 约1266–1308年
作品
- 约1323年逻辑大全（Summa logicae）
词项论逻辑：共相是记号，而非事物。
立场
Ockham is the leading figure of nominalism: only individual things exist. Universals are not entities in or behind things but signs in the mind and in language that stand for many individuals. Much of his work applies a principle of economy – do not assume more entities than necessary – later called “Ockham’s razor”. Since God is absolutely free and could have made the world otherwise, the order of nature is contingent and must be learned from experience. In politics he argued against papal absolutism and for limits on spiritual power. His logic and empiricism opened the “modern way” in late medieval thought.
生平与背景
Born around 1287 in Ockham, Surrey, William became a Franciscan and studied in Oxford. Summoned to Avignon in 1324 to answer for his teaching, he sided with his order’s general in the dispute over apostolic poverty against Pope John XXII and fled in 1328 to Emperor Louis of Bavaria. He spent his remaining years in Munich writing political polemics and died there around 1347.
其他主要作品
- Commentary on the Sentences (c. 1318)
- Quodlibeta septem (c. 1324)
- Dialogus (c. 1334–1346)
- Breviloquium (c. 1340)
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