尼克拉斯·卢曼

Agora

尼克拉斯·卢曼

1927–1998

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

社会不是由人构成的，而是由沟通构成的，而现代社会分化为各自独立的系统——如法律、经济和科学——每个系统都遵循自己的逻辑。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 西欧 · 社会与历史, 认识论

用三十年时间研究一种社会的一般理论：社会不由人构成，而由沟通构成，现代社会分化为自我生产的功能系统——经济、法律、政治、科学、艺术、宗教。

核心思想

社会系统及其环境
自创生（autopoiesis）
功能分化
沟通作为社会的要素

老师: 塔尔科特·帕森斯

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影响

受影响于 2

埃德蒙德·胡塞尔

受其影响 ✓
Luhmann took Husserl’s analysis of meaning, an actual given against a horizon of possibilities, as the basic concept of his systems theory (‘Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie’, 1971). N. Luhmann, “Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie”, in J. Habermas and N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie (1971); Soziale Systeme (1984); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938
塔尔科特·帕森斯师从

师从
Luhmann, then an administrative official, spent 1960–61 at Harvard on a scholarship and attended Parsons’s seminars; a one-year stay. He took his doctorate and Habilitation later, both in Münster in 1966. N. Luhmann, Archimedes und wir. Interviews (1987)
依据: AI 草稿
塔尔科特·帕森斯 › 1902–1979

批评

相互批评 1

尤尔根·哈贝马斯 ⇄ 相互

批评了
Luhmann rejected Habermas’s anchoring of social theory in consensus reached through discourse, analysing society as differentiated systems that reduce complexity (Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie?, 1971). J. Habermas & N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? (1971)
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Habermas objected that Luhmann’s systems theory is a sophisticated form of technocratic thinking that redefines practical questions as technical ones (Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie?, 1971). J. Habermas & N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? (1971), Habermas’s contribution
依据: AI 草稿
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026

作品

1984社会系统
以自创生概念重铸的系统理论：社会系统由沟通构成，沟通产生进一步的沟通，而它们只通过自己的区分来观察环境。

立场

Luhmann’s ambition was a universal theory of society that could describe everything social, including itself. He replaced the old distinction between whole and parts with that between system and environment. Social systems, he argued in Soziale Systeme (1984), consist not of people or actions but of communications, which connect to further communications; human beings, with their bodies and minds, belong to the environment of society. Following the biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, he called such systems autopoietic: they produce and reproduce their own elements and are operationally closed, though they can be irritated by their environment. Modern society is no longer ordered by a hierarchy of estates but by functional differentiation: the economy, law, politics, science, religion, art, education and the mass media each observe the world through their own binary code – payment or non-payment, legal or illegal, true or false. No centre can steer the whole. In a famous controversy with Jürgen Habermas (1971), Luhmann defended a descriptive theory against a critical one; critics found his work cold and conservative, admirers liberatingly ironic. He worked with a card index of some 90,000 notes and published more than 70 books.

生平与背景

Niklas Luhmann was born in 1927 in Lüneburg, the son of a brewery owner. In 1944, aged sixteen, he was called up as an air force auxiliary, and in 1945 he was briefly a prisoner of war of the Americans. He studied law in Freiburg and worked as a civil servant in Lüneburg and in the Lower Saxony ministry of culture. A year at Harvard in 1960–61 brought him into contact with Talcott Parsons. After research posts in Speyer and Dortmund, he took his doctorate and habilitation in Münster in 1966, and in 1968 became the first professor appointed to the new University of Bielefeld, where he taught until 1993. Asked to name his research project there, he wrote: “Theory of society; duration: 30 years; costs: none.” He died in 1998 in Oerlinghausen.