نوربيرت إلياس
على مدى قرون، ومع نموّ الدول وازدياد اعتماد الناس بعضهم على بعض، تعلّموا ضبط اندفاعاتهم وأن يشعروا بالخجل حيث لم تشعر الأجيال السابقة بشيء منه.
التموضع
تتبّع كيف تغيرت آداب المائدة والخجل وضبط النفس مع تكوّن الدول: تربط «عملية التحضّر» تاريخ المجتمع بتاريخ المشاعر.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- عملية التحضّر
- من القيد الخارجي إلى القيد الذاتي
- التشكيلات بدل «الفرد في مقابل المجتمع»
- الراسخون والغرباء
الأساتذة: كارل مانهايم
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 6
أوغست كونت
تأثّر بـ
Elias opened What is Sociology? (1970) with Comte, valuing his move from a philosophical to a sociological theory of knowledge as a long-term process across generations. N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970), “Soziologie – die Fragestellung Comtes”; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أوغست كونت › 1798–1857
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ
Elias valued Marx’s study of long-term social development but rejected the primacy of the economy, setting monopolies of violence and taxation beside it (Was ist Soziologie?, 1970). N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970); Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. II; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
سيغموند فرويد
تأثّر بـ
Elias drew on Freud’s account of drive control and the superego to show how external constraints become self-constraint in the civilising process (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939); S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سيغموند فرويد › 1856–1939
ماكس فيبر
تأثّر بـ ✓
Elias took Weber’s definition of the state by its monopoly of legitimate force and traced how monopolies of violence and taxation formed (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. II; M. Weber, “Politik als Beruf” (1919)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ماكس فيبر › 1864–1920
يوهان هويزنجا
تأثّر بـ
Elias drew on Huizinga’s picture of volatile late-medieval emotions (Autumn of the Middle Ages, 1919) as a baseline for growing affect control (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. I; J. Huizinga, Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يوهان هويزنجا › 1872–1945
كارل مانهايم تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Elias was Mannheim’s assistant at the University of Frankfurt from 1930 to 1933 and wrote his Habilitation thesis on court society with him; the procedure could not be completed after 1933, and the work appeared only in 1969 as Die höfische Gesellschaft. N. Elias, Über sich selbst (1990; Engl. Reflections on a Life, 1994)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
كارل مانهايم › 1893–1947
النقد
انتقده 1
زيجمونت بومان
انتقده
Bauman argued against reading the Holocaust as a lapse of Elias’s civilising process: modern bureaucracy and rationality made it possible (Modernity and the Holocaust, 1989, ch. 1). Z. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (1989), ch. 1
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
زيجمونت بومان › 1925–2017
ينتقد 2
رينيه ديكارت
انتقد
Elias traced the image of the individual as a homo clausus, sealed off from others, to Descartes’ cogito, and opposed it with figurations (Civilizing Process, 1969 introduction). N. Elias, Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation, 2nd ed. (1969), Introduction; Die Gesellschaft der Individuen (1987), Part II
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رينيه ديكارت › 1596–1650
إيمانويل كانط
انتقد
Elias rejected Kant’s timeless a priori categories, arguing that concepts such as time and causality are learned and developed socially over generations (Über die Zeit, 1984). N. Elias, Über die Zeit (1984); on his dissertation dispute with R. Hönigswald: Notizen zum Lebenslauf (1984)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
الأعمال
- 1939عملية التمدن
من آداب المائدة في العصور الوسطى إلى الدولة الحديثة: كلما نمت احتكارات القوة وسلاسل الاعتماد المتبادل تحوّل القسر الخارجي إلى ضبط ذاتي.
الموقف
Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939) connects two levels that are usually studied apart. Using books of manners from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Elias traced how rules about eating, blowing one’s nose, sleeping, sexuality and violence grew stricter: what was once done openly became embarrassing and was moved behind the scenes, while the thresholds of shame and disgust rose. In the second volume he linked this to the formation of states: as rulers monopolised violence and taxation, and as chains of interdependence grew longer, people had to foresee consequences and restrain themselves more. External constraint turned into self-constraint. Elias rejected the image of the individual as a closed “homo clausus” facing society; he spoke instead of “figurations”, webs of mutually dependent people whose balance of power shifts over time. The approach shaped his studies of court society, of “established and outsiders” in a community near Leicester, of sport and of the Germans. Critics, notably Zygmunt Bauman and Hans Peter Duerr, objected that the Holocaust and ethnographic evidence contradict any simple story of progress; Elias replied that civilising processes can be reversed.
الحياة والسياق
Norbert Elias was born in 1897 in Breslau (now Wrocław) into a Jewish family. After serving in the First World War he studied medicine and philosophy and took his doctorate in philosophy in 1924. He moved to Heidelberg to work with Alfred Weber and in 1930 followed Karl Mannheim to Frankfurt as his assistant. In 1933 he fled to Paris and in 1935 to London, where he wrote his major work; it appeared in Switzerland in 1939 and went almost unnoticed. In 1940 he was interned as an “enemy alien”; his mother was murdered in the Holocaust. Only in 1954, at 57, did he gain a regular university post, at Leicester; from 1962 to 1964 he taught in Ghana. Recognition came late: in 1977 he was the first recipient of the Adorno Prize. He died in Amsterdam in 1990.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- On the Process of Civilisation (1939)
- The Established and the Outsiders (with John L. Scotson, 1965)
- The Court Society (1969)
- What Is Sociology? (1970)
- The Society of Individuals (1987)
- Studies on the Germans (1989)
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