يوهان هويزنجا

الأعمال

• 1919اضمحلال العصور الوسطى

  دراسة للحياة والفكر والفن في فرنسا وهولندا في القرنين الرابع عشر والخامس عشر: تُقرأ الفروسية والتقوى والحب والموت من السجلات واللوحات، ومنها لوحات الأخوين فان إيك، بوصفها الصور الناضجة والمفرطة النضج لثقافة متأخرة.

• 1938الإنسان اللاعب: دراسة في عنصر اللعب في الثقافة (Homo ludens)

  اللعب أقدم من الثقافة: نشاط حر له قواعده وزمانه ومكانه؛ يتتبعه هويزنغا في القانون والحرب والشعر والفلسفة والفن، ويحذّر من أن الثقافة الحديثة تفقد عنصر اللعب.

الموقف

Huizinga is on the map as a founder of modern cultural history and as the theorist of play. “The Autumn of the Middle Ages” (1919) studied the forms of life, thought and feeling in Burgundy and the Netherlands of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries – chivalry, piety, love, the image of death – through chronicles, poetry and painting. Against Jacob Burckhardt’s view of the period as the dawn of the Renaissance, he read it as the late, over-ripe flowering of medieval culture, whose forms had become elaborate and rigid. “Homo Ludens” (1938) argued that play is older than culture: a free activity, set apart from ordinary life by its own rules, time and space, from which law, war, poetry, knowledge and philosophy developed as contests and rituals. In modern mass culture, he feared, the play element was degenerating into either grim seriousness or mere amusement. In the 1930s he became a critic of his time: “In the Shadow of Tomorrow” (1935) diagnosed a crisis of culture marked by irrationalism, propaganda and the cult of the state. Gadamer took up his concept of play in “Truth and Method”, Norbert Elias drew on his picture of medieval emotional life, and Roger Caillois developed his theory of games further.

الحياة والسياق

Johan Huizinga was born on 7 December 1872 in Groningen, the son of a professor of physiology. He studied Dutch, comparative linguistics and Sanskrit in Groningen and Leipzig and took his doctorate in 1897 with a thesis on the jester in ancient Indian drama. After teaching history at a secondary school in Haarlem, he became professor of history at Groningen (1905) and at Leiden (from 1915), where he was rector in 1932–33. In 1933, as rector, he expelled the German Nazi student functionary Johann von Leers from an international student conference held at Leiden. After the German authorities closed Leiden University in November 1940, he was taken hostage in August 1942 and held in the camp of Sint-Michielsgestel until October; released for reasons of health, he was banished to De Steeg near Arnhem. He died there on 1 February 1945, a few months before the liberation.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

• Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919)
• Erasmus (1924)
• In de schaduwen van morgen (1935)
• Geschonden wereld (1945)