تشنغ هاو
يشعر الإنسان الخيّر حقًّا بأنه واحد مع السماء والأرض وكل كائن حي – ويجد مبدأ كل الأشياء في السكون الباطني.
التموضع
الأخ الأكبر من الأخوين تشنغ: الإنسان صاحب الإنسانية يكوّن «جسدًا واحدًا» مع السماء والأرض وكل الأشياء؛ ويُدرَك المبدأ بالسكون الباطني.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الإنسانية جسدًا واحدًا مع كل الأشياء
- المبدأ السماوي (تيانلي)
- تهدئة الطبيعة
الأساتذة: تشو دونيي
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
منسيوس
تأثّر بـ
Cheng Hao’s ‘On Understanding Humaneness’ (Shi ren pian) draws on Mencius: all things are complete in me, and cultivation must neither forget nor forcibly help growth. Cheng Hao, Shi ren pian, in Er Cheng yishu; W.-t. Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (1963)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
منسيوس › نحو 372–289 ق.م
تشو دونيي تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على
Attested by the brothers themselves: their recorded sayings recall having once studied with Zhou Maoshu (Henan Chengshi yishu 2A), and Cheng Yi’s account of his brother dates it to his mid-teens; that Zhou founded their school is Zhu Xi’s later construction. Henan Chengshi yishu 2A (recorded by Lü Dalin); Cheng Yi, Mingdao xiansheng xingzhuang
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشو دونيي › 1017–1073
تشانغ زاي
تأثّر بـ
Cheng Hao’s Letter on Calming the Nature answered Zhang Zai’s question how the nature can stay calm amid things; the Cheng brothers praised Zhang’s Western Inscription. Cheng Hao, Dingxing shu; Zhang Zai, Ximing; W.-t. Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (1963)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشانغ زاي › 1020–1077
أثّر في 2
تشو شي
أثّر في
Zhu Xi compiled the Cheng brothers’ recorded sayings (Er Cheng yishu, 1168) and, with Lü Zuqian, took Cheng Hao’s sayings into Reflections on Things at Hand (1175). Zhu Xi (ed.), Er Cheng yishu (1168); Zhu Xi & Lü Zuqian, Jinsilu (1175), tr. W.-t. Chan, Reflections on Things at Hand (1967)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشو شي › 1130–1200
لو جيوان (لو شيانغشان)
أثّر في
Lu Jiuyuan named Mencius, not the Cheng brothers, as his source; Feng Youlan (1934) read Cheng Hao as forerunner of Lu’s learning of the mind (xinxue). Feng Youlan, Zhongguo zhexue shi II (1934), tr. D. Bodde, A History of Chinese Philosophy II (1953)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لو جيوان (لو شيانغشان) › 1139–1193
الموقف
Cheng Hao saw the cosmos as ceaseless life-giving and humaneness (ren) as its moral core: the humane person forms one body with Heaven, Earth and the myriad things, just as medicine calls numb limbs “not humane” because the body no longer feels them as its own. Though he had learned much from others, he said, he had worked out heavenly principle (tianli) himself. Writing to his relative Zhang Zai on calming the nature, he taught that true calm holds in activity and rest alike, for the mind responds impartially, without dividing inner and outer. Feng Youlan and others see him as a forerunner of Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming.
الحياة والسياق
Cheng Hao, known as Mingdao, was born in 1032 into an official family settled in Luoyang; as a youth he and his younger brother Cheng Yi studied briefly with Zhou Dunyi. He passed the jinshi examination in 1057 and served mostly as a local official. As a censor he opposed Wang Anshi’s New Policies and was sent back to the provinces. He died in 1085.
الأعمال الرئيسة
- Letter on Calming the Nature (Dingxing shu, mid-11th century)
- On Understanding Humaneness (Shi ren pian, recorded saying, 11th century)
- Surviving Works of the Two Chengs (Er Cheng yishu, compiled by Zhu Xi, 1168, posthumous)
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora