程颢
真正有仁的人感到与天地和一切生灵浑然一体——并且在内心的宁静中找到万物之理。
定位
二程兄弟中的兄长：仁者与天地万物“浑然一体”；理要通过内心的静来领会。
核心思想
- 仁者与万物一体
- 天理
- 定性
老师: 周敦颐
影响
受影响于 3
孟子
受其影响
Cheng Hao’s ‘On Understanding Humaneness’ (Shi ren pian) draws on Mencius: all things are complete in me, and cultivation must neither forget nor forcibly help growth. Cheng Hao, Shi ren pian, in Er Cheng yishu; W.-t. Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (1963)
依据: AI 草稿
孟子 › 约公元前372—前289年年
周敦颐 师从
师从
Attested by the brothers themselves: their recorded sayings recall having once studied with Zhou Maoshu (Henan Chengshi yishu 2A), and Cheng Yi’s account of his brother dates it to his mid-teens; that Zhou founded their school is Zhu Xi’s later construction. Henan Chengshi yishu 2A (recorded by Lü Dalin); Cheng Yi, Mingdao xiansheng xingzhuang
依据: AI 草稿
周敦颐 › 1017–1073
张载
受其影响
Cheng Hao’s Letter on Calming the Nature answered Zhang Zai’s question how the nature can stay calm amid things; the Cheng brothers praised Zhang’s Western Inscription. Cheng Hao, Dingxing shu; Zhang Zai, Ximing; W.-t. Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (1963)
依据: AI 草稿
张载 › 1020–1077
影响了 2
朱熹
影响了
Zhu Xi compiled the Cheng brothers’ recorded sayings (Er Cheng yishu, 1168) and, with Lü Zuqian, took Cheng Hao’s sayings into Reflections on Things at Hand (1175). Zhu Xi (ed.), Er Cheng yishu (1168); Zhu Xi & Lü Zuqian, Jinsilu (1175), tr. W.-t. Chan, Reflections on Things at Hand (1967)
依据: AI 草稿
朱熹 › 1130–1200
陆九渊（陆象山）
影响了
Lu Jiuyuan named Mencius, not the Cheng brothers, as his source; Feng Youlan (1934) read Cheng Hao as forerunner of Lu’s learning of the mind (xinxue). Feng Youlan, Zhongguo zhexue shi II (1934), tr. D. Bodde, A History of Chinese Philosophy II (1953)
依据: AI 草稿
陆九渊（陆象山） › 1139–1193
立场
Cheng Hao saw the cosmos as ceaseless life-giving and humaneness (ren) as its moral core: the humane person forms one body with Heaven, Earth and the myriad things, just as medicine calls numb limbs “not humane” because the body no longer feels them as its own. Though he had learned much from others, he said, he had worked out heavenly principle (tianli) himself. Writing to his relative Zhang Zai on calming the nature, he taught that true calm holds in activity and rest alike, for the mind responds impartially, without dividing inner and outer. Feng Youlan and others see him as a forerunner of Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming.
生平与背景
Cheng Hao, known as Mingdao, was born in 1032 into an official family settled in Luoyang; as a youth he and his younger brother Cheng Yi studied briefly with Zhou Dunyi. He passed the jinshi examination in 1057 and served mostly as a local official. As a censor he opposed Wang Anshi’s New Policies and was sent back to the provinces. He died in 1085.
主要作品
- Letter on Calming the Nature (Dingxing shu, mid-11th century)
- On Understanding Humaneness (Shi ren pian, recorded saying, 11th century)
- Surviving Works of the Two Chengs (Er Cheng yishu, compiled by Zhu Xi, 1168, posthumous)
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