海登·怀特
在怀特看来，历史学家并不是在过去中发现故事，而是构造故事：同样的事件可以被编排为传奇、悲剧、喜剧或讽刺剧，而在这些叙述之间作出选择，最终依据的是审美或道德的理由，而不仅仅是史料。
定位
美国历史学家和史学理论家，晚年任教于圣克鲁兹和斯坦福：他在《元史学》（1973）中主张，历史著作是叙事性的散文话语，其情节、论证和政治立场都建立在对四种比喻——隐喻、转喻、提喻和反讽——事先作出的诗性选择之上。
核心思想
- 情节编排
- 四种主要比喻
- 事实再现中的虚构
- 形式的内容
影响
受影响于 4
詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯
受其影响
White took Vico’s four master tropes – metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony – as the deep structure of historical consciousness (Metahistory, 1973; ‘The Tropics of History’, 1976). H. White, Metahistory (1973); “The Tropics of History: The Deep Structure of the New Science”, in G. Tagliacozzo and D. P. Verene (eds.), Giambattista Vico’s Science of Humanity (1976); G. Tagliacozzo and H. White (eds.), Giambattista Vico: An International Symposium (1969)
依据: AI 草稿
詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯 › 1668–1744
贝内德托·克罗齐
受其影响
White, who came to Croce in Rome, wrote ‘The Abiding Relevance of Croce’s Idea of History’ (1963) and read him as a philosopher of history in Metahistory (1973). H. White, “The Abiding Relevance of Croce’s Idea of History”, Journal of Modern History 35 (1963); Metahistory (1973); H. Paul, Hayden White: The Historical Imagination (2011)
依据: AI 草稿
贝内德托·克罗齐 › 1866–1952
卡尔·曼海姆
受其影响
White adapted his four modes of ideological implication – anarchist, conservative, radical, liberal – from Mannheim’s Ideologie und Utopie (1929) for his theory of historical writing (Metahistory, 1973). H. White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1973); K. Mannheim, Ideologie und Utopie (1929)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·曼海姆 › 1893–1947
莱因哈特·科塞雷克
受其影响 存在争议
White wrote the foreword to Koselleck’s The Practice of Conceptual History (2002), Koselleck that to White’s Auch Klio dichtet (1986); a direct influence on White is uncertain. H. White, foreword to R. Koselleck, The Practice of Conceptual History (2002); R. Koselleck, foreword to H. White, Auch Klio dichtet oder Die Fiktion des Faktischen (1986)
依据: AI 草稿
莱因哈特·科塞雷克 › 1923–2006
影响了 1
保罗·利科
影响了
In Time and Narrative I (1983) Ricœur drew on White’s Metahistory (1973) for emplotment in historiography, later objecting that its tropology loosens reference to the real past (2000). P. Ricœur, Temps et récit I (1983); La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli (2000); H. White, Metahistory (1973)
依据: AI 草稿
保罗·利科 › 1913–2005
作品
- 1973元史学：十九世纪欧洲的历史想象
把米什莱、兰克、托克维尔和布克哈特，黑格尔、马克思、尼采和克罗齐当作作家来阅读：每部著作都结合了一种情节编排方式、一种论证方式和一种意识形态蕴含方式，并由四种比喻——隐喻、转喻、提喻或反讽——之一预先构型。
- 1987形式的内容：叙事话语与历史再现
20世纪80年代的论文集：叙事并不是盛放历史事实的中性容器，它本身就带有意义——对连贯、结局和道德意义的渴望；书中有论述德罗伊森、詹姆逊、利科《时间与叙事》和福柯的章节。
立场
White is on the map as the theorist who made the writing of history itself a subject of the philosophy of history. “Metahistory” (1973) analysed four historians – Michelet, Ranke, Tocqueville and Burckhardt – and four philosophers of history – Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche and Croce – as authors of narrative prose. Drawing on Northrop Frye, Stephen Pepper and Karl Mannheim, he distinguished modes of emplotment, argument and ideological implication and traced them back to a poetic “prefiguration” of the historical field in one of four tropes, a scheme he took from rhetoric and from Vico. He concluded that the best grounds for preferring one account of history to another are aesthetic or moral rather than epistemological. The essays of “Tropics of Discourse” (1978) and “The Content of the Form” (1987) extended this to the “fictions of factual representation” and to the meaning that narrative form itself carries. Ricœur discussed his theory of emplotment in “Time and Narrative” and later objected that it neglects the reference to a real past; Koselleck wrote the foreword to the German edition of “Tropics of Discourse” (1986). White’s work became, in G. G. Iggers’s account, a key reference of the “linguistic turn” in historiography and was criticised by historians who saw in it a relativism about historical truth, above all in the debate on representing the Holocaust; this is set out under “Context & critique”.
生平与背景
Hayden V. White was born on 12 July 1928 in Martin, Tennessee, and grew up between Tennessee and Detroit, where his father sought work in the car industry. After serving in the Navy at the end of the Second World War he studied history at Wayne State University in Detroit on the GI Bill (BA 1951), where William J. Bossenbrook was his teacher, and medieval history at the University of Michigan (MA 1952, PhD 1956). Two years in Rome on a Fulbright fellowship, researching medieval church reform in the Vatican Library, brought him into contact with Carlo Antoni and the work of Benedetto Croce. He taught at Wayne State, the University of Rochester and UCLA, directed the Center for the Humanities at Wesleyan University (1973–76) and from 1978 taught in the History of Consciousness programme at the University of California, Santa Cruz; he was later also professor of comparative literature at Stanford. He died in Santa Cruz on 5 March 2018.
其他主要作品
- Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1973)
- Tropics of Discourse (1978)
- The Content of the Form (1987)
- Figural Realism (1999)
- The Practical Past (2014)
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