हेडन व्हाइट
व्हाइट के अनुसार, इतिहासकार अतीत में कथाएँ खोजते नहीं बल्कि गढ़ते हैं: वही घटनाएँ रोमांस, त्रासदी, सुखांतकी या व्यंग्य के रूप में कथानक में बाँधी जा सकती हैं, और ऐसे वृत्तांतों के बीच चुनाव अंततः सौंदर्यपरक या नैतिक आधार पर टिका है, केवल प्रमाण पर नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
इतिहास-लेखन के अमेरिकी इतिहासकार और सिद्धांतकार, अंत में सांता क्रूज़ और स्टैनफ़ोर्ड में: “मेटाहिस्ट्री” (1973) में उन्होंने तर्क दिया कि ऐतिहासिक कृतियाँ आख्यानात्मक गद्य-विमर्श हैं जिनके कथानक, तर्क और राजनीति चार अलंकारों – रूपक, मेटोनिमी, सिनेकडोकी और विडंबना – के बीच पूर्ववर्ती काव्यात्मक चयन पर टिके हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- कथानक-निर्माण (emplotment)
- चार मूल अलंकार
- तथ्यात्मक निरूपण की कल्पनाएँ
- रूप की अंतर्वस्तु
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
जामबातिस्ता विको
जिनसे प्रभावित
White took Vico’s four master tropes – metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony – as the deep structure of historical consciousness (Metahistory, 1973; ‘The Tropics of History’, 1976). H. White, Metahistory (1973); “The Tropics of History: The Deep Structure of the New Science”, in G. Tagliacozzo and D. P. Verene (eds.), Giambattista Vico’s Science of Humanity (1976); G. Tagliacozzo and H. White (eds.), Giambattista Vico: An International Symposium (1969)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जामबातिस्ता विको › 1668–1744
बेनेदितो क्रोचे
जिनसे प्रभावित
White, who came to Croce in Rome, wrote ‘The Abiding Relevance of Croce’s Idea of History’ (1963) and read him as a philosopher of history in Metahistory (1973). H. White, “The Abiding Relevance of Croce’s Idea of History”, Journal of Modern History 35 (1963); Metahistory (1973); H. Paul, Hayden White: The Historical Imagination (2011)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेनेदितो क्रोचे › 1866–1952
कार्ल मानहाइम
जिनसे प्रभावित
White adapted his four modes of ideological implication – anarchist, conservative, radical, liberal – from Mannheim’s Ideologie und Utopie (1929) for his theory of historical writing (Metahistory, 1973). H. White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1973); K. Mannheim, Ideologie und Utopie (1929)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मानहाइम › 1893–1947
राइनहार्ट कोसेलेक
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
White wrote the foreword to Koselleck’s The Practice of Conceptual History (2002), Koselleck that to White’s Auch Klio dichtet (1986); a direct influence on White is uncertain. H. White, foreword to R. Koselleck, The Practice of Conceptual History (2002); R. Koselleck, foreword to H. White, Auch Klio dichtet oder Die Fiktion des Faktischen (1986)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
राइनहार्ट कोसेलेक › 1923–2006
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
पॉल रिक्यूर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Time and Narrative I (1983) Ricœur drew on White’s Metahistory (1973) for emplotment in historiography, later objecting that its tropology loosens reference to the real past (2000). P. Ricœur, Temps et récit I (1983); La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli (2000); H. White, Metahistory (1973)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पॉल रिक्यूर › 1913–2005
कृतियाँ
मिशले, रांके, तोकवील और बुर्कहार्ट, हेगल, मार्क्स, नीत्शे और क्रोचे को लेखकों के रूप में पढ़ा गया: हर कृति कथानक-निर्माण, तर्क और वैचारिक निहितार्थ की एक पद्धति जोड़ती है, जो चार अलंकारों – रूपक, मेटोनिमी, सिनेकडोकी या विडंबना – में से एक से पूर्वरूपित है।
1980 के दशक के निबंध: आख्यान ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों का तटस्थ पात्र नहीं बल्कि अपना ही अर्थ वहन करता है – संगति, समापन और नैतिक बोध की इच्छा; द्रोइज़ेन, जेमसन, रिक्यूर के “काल और कथा” और फूको पर अध्यायों के साथ।
मत
White is on the map as the theorist who made the writing of history itself a subject of the philosophy of history. “Metahistory” (1973) analysed four historians – Michelet, Ranke, Tocqueville and Burckhardt – and four philosophers of history – Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche and Croce – as authors of narrative prose. Drawing on Northrop Frye, Stephen Pepper and Karl Mannheim, he distinguished modes of emplotment, argument and ideological implication and traced them back to a poetic “prefiguration” of the historical field in one of four tropes, a scheme he took from rhetoric and from Vico. He concluded that the best grounds for preferring one account of history to another are aesthetic or moral rather than epistemological. The essays of “Tropics of Discourse” (1978) and “The Content of the Form” (1987) extended this to the “fictions of factual representation” and to the meaning that narrative form itself carries. Ricœur discussed his theory of emplotment in “Time and Narrative” and later objected that it neglects the reference to a real past; Koselleck wrote the foreword to the German edition of “Tropics of Discourse” (1986). White’s work became, in G. G. Iggers’s account, a key reference of the “linguistic turn” in historiography and was criticised by historians who saw in it a relativism about historical truth, above all in the debate on representing the Holocaust; this is set out under “Context & critique”.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Hayden V. White was born on 12 July 1928 in Martin, Tennessee, and grew up between Tennessee and Detroit, where his father sought work in the car industry. After serving in the Navy at the end of the Second World War he studied history at Wayne State University in Detroit on the GI Bill (BA 1951), where William J. Bossenbrook was his teacher, and medieval history at the University of Michigan (MA 1952, PhD 1956). Two years in Rome on a Fulbright fellowship, researching medieval church reform in the Vatican Library, brought him into contact with Carlo Antoni and the work of Benedetto Croce. He taught at Wayne State, the University of Rochester and UCLA, directed the Center for the Humanities at Wesleyan University (1973–76) and from 1978 taught in the History of Consciousness programme at the University of California, Santa Cruz; he was later also professor of comparative literature at Stanford. He died in Santa Cruz on 5 March 2018.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1973)
- Tropics of Discourse (1978)
- The Content of the Form (1987)
- Figural Realism (1999)
- The Practical Past (2014)
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