यी ह्वांग
हमारी शुद्धतम नैतिक भावनाएँ स्वयं सिद्धांत से आती हैं, केवल भौतिक ऊर्जा से नहीं, इसलिए मन की रक्षा आदरपूर्ण ध्यान से करनी चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
तोएगे; योसोन काल के दो प्रमुख कोरियाई नव-कन्फ्यूशियसवादियों में से एक (दूसरे यी ई): “चार–सात बहस” में उन्होंने नैतिक भाव में सिद्धांत (ली) को भौतिक बल (ची) पर प्राथमिकता दी।
मुख्य विचार
- चार–सात बहस
- सिद्धांत (ली) की प्राथमिकता
- श्रद्धापूर्ण सजगता (ग्योंग)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
मेनसियस
जिनसे प्रभावित
In the Four–Seven Debate with Gi Daeseung (1559–66) Yi Hwang set Mencius’ four sprouts, issued by principle, apart from the seven feelings issued by material force. M. C. Kalton et al., The Four-Seven Debate (1994); E. Y. J. Chung, The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T’oegye and Yi Yulgok (1995)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मेनसियस › लगभग 372–289 ईसा पूर्व
झू शी
जिनसे प्रभावित
Yi Hwang compiled the Essentials of Zhu Xi’s Letters (Juja seo jeoryo) and summed up Zhu’s learning of the sage in his Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning (1568). Yi Hwang, Juja seo jeoryo; Seonghak sipdo (1568), tr. M. C. Kalton, To Become a Sage (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
झू शी › 1130–1200
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
जोंग याक-योंग (दासान)
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Jeong Yak-yong read Yi Hwang’s letters as guides to self-examination and recorded his reflections as a private disciple of Toegye (Dosan sasungnok). Jeong Yak-yong, Dosan sasungnok, in Yeoyudang jeonseo; M. Setton, Chŏng Yagyong: Korea’s Challenge to Orthodox Neo-Confucianism (1997)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जोंग याक-योंग (दासान) › 1762–1836
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
यी ई (यूलगोक)
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Yi I (Yulgok) rejected Yi Hwang’s view that principle (li) and material force (qi) each ‘issue’ feelings: only qi issues, with li riding upon it (Four–Seven Debate). Yi I, letters to Seong Hon (1572); M. Kalton et al., The Four-Seven Debate, 1994
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
यी ई (यूलगोक) › 1536–1584
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
वांग यांगमिंग
जिनकी आलोचना की
Yi Hwang (Toegye) attacked Wang Yangming’s Instructions for Practical Living, rejecting the unity of knowledge and action and ‘mind is principle’ as Chan in Confucian dress. Yi Hwang, Jeonseumnok nonbyeon; E. Y. J. Chung, The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T’oegye and Yi Yulgok, 1995
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वांग यांगमिंग › 1472–1529
कृतियाँ
युवा राजा के लिए दस रेखाचित्रों में संघनित नव-कन्फ्यूशियसवादी शिक्षा – श्रद्धा उसके केंद्र में।
मत
Toegye was the leading Korean interpreter of Zhu Xi. In a famous correspondence with the younger scholar Ki Taesung, the “Four–Seven Debate”, he asked how the four moral beginnings named by Mencius, such as compassion, relate to the seven ordinary feelings, such as joy and anger. His answer: the four issue from principle (li), with material force (qi) following; the seven issue from qi, with li riding on it. Thus he secured the priority of the moral over the merely physical. At the centre of self-cultivation he placed reverence (gyeong), a steady attentiveness of mind, as his Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning, written for the young King Seonjo, make clear.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Yi Hwang, better known by his pen name Toegye, was born in 1501 near Andong in south-eastern Korea under the Joseon dynasty; his father died when he was an infant. He passed the civil service examination in 1534 and held high offices but repeatedly withdrew home to study and teach. There he founded the Dosan school, which after his death became the Dosan Academy. He died in 1570.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Essentials of Master Zhu’s Letters (Jujaseo jeoryo, 1550s)
- Letters of the Four–Seven Debate with Ki Taesung (1559–1566)
- Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning (Seonghak sipdo, 1568)
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