李滉
我们最纯粹的道德情感来自理本身，而不是仅仅来自物质性的气，所以必须以敬的专注来守护心。
定位
号退溪，与李珥并称朝鲜王朝两位最主要的朝鲜新儒家：在“四端七情之辩”中，他在道德情感上赋予理（li）以高于气（物质性的力）的优先地位。
核心思想
- 四端七情之辩
- 理的优先性
- 敬（gyeong，恭敬专注）
影响
受影响于 2
孟子
受其影响
In the Four–Seven Debate with Gi Daeseung (1559–66) Yi Hwang set Mencius’ four sprouts, issued by principle, apart from the seven feelings issued by material force. M. C. Kalton et al., The Four-Seven Debate (1994); E. Y. J. Chung, The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T’oegye and Yi Yulgok (1995)
依据: AI 草稿
孟子 › 约公元前372—前289年年
朱熹
受其影响
Yi Hwang compiled the Essentials of Zhu Xi’s Letters (Juja seo jeoryo) and summed up Zhu’s learning of the sage in his Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning (1568). Yi Hwang, Juja seo jeoryo; Seonghak sipdo (1568), tr. M. C. Kalton, To Become a Sage (1988)
依据: AI 草稿
朱熹 › 1130–1200
影响了 1
丁若镛（茶山）
影响了
Jeong Yak-yong read Yi Hwang’s letters as guides to self-examination and recorded his reflections as a private disciple of Toegye (Dosan sasungnok). Jeong Yak-yong, Dosan sasungnok, in Yeoyudang jeonseo; M. Setton, Chŏng Yagyong: Korea’s Challenge to Orthodox Neo-Confucianism (1997)
依据: AI 草稿
丁若镛（茶山） › 1762–1836
批评
受批评于 1
李珥（栗谷）
受其批评
Yi I (Yulgok) rejected Yi Hwang’s view that principle (li) and material force (qi) each ‘issue’ feelings: only qi issues, with li riding upon it (Four–Seven Debate). Yi I, letters to Seong Hon (1572); M. Kalton et al., The Four-Seven Debate, 1994
依据: AI 草稿
李珥（栗谷） › 1536–1584
批评了 1
王阳明
批评了
Yi Hwang (Toegye) attacked Wang Yangming’s Instructions for Practical Living, rejecting the unity of knowledge and action and ‘mind is principle’ as Chan in Confucian dress. Yi Hwang, Jeonseumnok nonbyeon; E. Y. J. Chung, The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T’oegye and Yi Yulgok, 1995
依据: AI 草稿
王阳明 › 1472–1529
作品
- 1568圣学十图
将新儒学的教导浓缩为十幅图，呈给年轻的国王——以“敬”为核心。
立场
Toegye was the leading Korean interpreter of Zhu Xi. In a famous correspondence with the younger scholar Ki Taesung, the “Four–Seven Debate”, he asked how the four moral beginnings named by Mencius, such as compassion, relate to the seven ordinary feelings, such as joy and anger. His answer: the four issue from principle (li), with material force (qi) following; the seven issue from qi, with li riding on it. Thus he secured the priority of the moral over the merely physical. At the centre of self-cultivation he placed reverence (gyeong), a steady attentiveness of mind, as his Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning, written for the young King Seonjo, make clear.
生平与背景
Yi Hwang, better known by his pen name Toegye, was born in 1501 near Andong in south-eastern Korea under the Joseon dynasty; his father died when he was an infant. He passed the civil service examination in 1534 and held high offices but repeatedly withdrew home to study and teach. There he founded the Dosan school, which after his death became the Dosan Academy. He died in 1570.
其他主要作品
- Essentials of Master Zhu’s Letters (Jujaseo jeoryo, 1550s)
- Letters of the Four–Seven Debate with Ki Taesung (1559–1566)
- Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning (Seonghak sipdo, 1568)
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