مايكل ساندل
لسنا أفرادًا متحرّرين من كل قيد، بل أعضاء في جماعات، وثمة أشياء – كالحياة المدنية والكرامة وأطفالنا – ينبغي ألّا تكون للبيع.
التموضع
فيلسوف سياسي من هارفارد بلغ مقرره «العدالة» الملايين: لسنا «ذواتٍ غير مقيَّدة» نختار خلف حجاب الجهل بل أعضاء في جماعات – وبعض الخيرات لا ينبغي أن تُباع.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- نقد الذات غير المقيَّدة
- الجمهورانية المدنية
- الحدود الأخلاقية للأسواق
- طغيان الاستحقاق
الأساتذة: تشارلز تيلور
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
أرسطو
تأثّر بـ
Sandel drew on Aristotle’s teleological reasoning – justice as allocating goods by their purpose – to question liberal neutrality (Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?, 2009). M. J. Sandel, Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (2009); The Case against Perfection (2007)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
تشارلز تيلور تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على
Sandel studied at Balliol College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar and wrote his DPhil under Charles Taylor (1981); it grew into Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982). Berggruen Institute, laureate biography of M. Sandel; M. J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
تشارلز تيلور › وُلد 1931
النقد
ينتقد 3
إيمانويل كانط
انتقد
Sandel criticised the Kantian self prior to its ends, the basis of deontological liberalism, as an ‘unencumbered self’ (‘The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self’, 1984). M. J. Sandel, “The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self”, Political Theory 12 (1984); Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
فرانسيس غالتون
انتقد
Sandel criticised Galton’s eugenics as a drive to mastery that ignores the giftedness of life, a problem inherited by ‘liberal eugenics’ (The Case against Perfection, 2007). M. J. Sandel, The Case against Perfection (2007), ch. 4 “Eugenics”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانسيس غالتون › 1822–1911
جون رولز
انتقد
Sandel argued that Rawls presupposes an ‘unencumbered self’ choosing its ends prior to attachments, which cannot account for community (Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 1982). M. J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982; 2nd ed. 1998)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون رولز › 1921–2002
الأعمال
ضد رولز: الذات خلف حجاب الجهل «ذات غير مثقلة»، مجرّدة من الانتماءات والجماعات التي تساعد على جعلنا من نحن – نص تأسيسي في النقد الجماعاتي (communitarian) لليبرالية.
- 2020استبداد الجدارة
تولّد الجدارة (الميريتوقراطية) الغطرسة عند الناجحين والإذلال عند المتروكين؛ ويدعو ساندل إلى تكريم كرامة العمل وإلى سياسة للخير العام.
الموقف
“Liberalism and the Limits of Justice” made Sandel a leading critic of Rawls and is counted among the founding texts of communitarianism, a label he himself has resisted. Rawls’s theory, he argued, presupposes an “unencumbered self” that chooses its ends from behind a veil of ignorance, prior to all attachments; but we are “encumbered” selves, partly constituted by the families, communities and traditions to which we belong, and some obligations – of solidarity and membership – are not chosen. Liberal neutrality towards conceptions of the good life is therefore neither possible nor desirable: questions of justice cannot be settled without arguing about what is worth honouring. “Democracy’s Discontent” defended the civic republican tradition of self-government against a merely procedural liberalism. Later books bring this to public life: “The Case against Perfection” argues against genetic enhancement in the name of the “giftedness” of life, “What Money Can’t Buy” warns that markets corrupt goods such as education, health and citizenship, and “The Tyranny of Merit” argues that meritocracy breeds hubris among the winners and humiliation among those left behind.
الحياة والسياق
Michael Sandel (born 1953 in Minneapolis) grew up there and in Los Angeles, studied politics at Brandeis University and went to Balliol College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where he wrote his doctorate under Charles Taylor. He has taught at Harvard since 1980 and is Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government. His lecture course “Justice” was the first Harvard course made freely available online and on television and has been watched by tens of millions of people around the world. He served on President George W. Bush’s Council on Bioethics, and he received the Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences in 2018 and the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy and Culture in 2025.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982)
- Democracy’s Discontent (1996)
- The Case against Perfection (2007)
- Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (2009)
- What Money Can’t Buy (2012)
- The Tyranny of Merit (2020)
يرد في
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora