Will-o'-the-wisp – on the map because of their influence as an ideologue of racism, as an object of critique.
फ़्रांसिस गाल्टन
गाल्टन के अनुसार, प्रतिभा विरासत में मिलती है और समाज को प्रजनन पर नियंत्रण से स्वयं को सुधारना चाहिए – यूजेनिक्स का कार्यक्रम, जिसके परिणामों ने उसे स्थायी आलोचना का विषय बनाया।
पृष्ठभूमि
अंग्रेज़ बहुज्ञ और डार्विन के चचेरे भाई जिन्होंने सहसंबंध और समाश्रयण तथा अंगुलिछाप-वर्गीकरण की प्रणाली विकसित की, और सुजननविद्या (यूजेनिक्स) की स्थापना की: “हेरेडिटरी जीनियस” (1869) में उन्होंने कथित क्षमता के अनुसार “नस्लों” को क्रमबद्ध किया और 1883 में “यूजेनिक्स” शब्द गढ़ा; मानचित्र पर आलोचना की वस्तु के रूप में।
मुख्य विचार
- यूजेनिक्स (1883 में गढ़ा गया)
- “नस्लों” का क्रमबद्धीकरण (नस्लवादी सिद्धांत)
- सहसंबंध और समाश्रयण
- प्रतिभा की आनुवंशिकता (पारिवारिक ख्याति से अनुमानित, सामाजिक सुविधाओं की अनदेखी करते हुए)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
चार्ल्स डार्विन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Galton, Darwin’s half-cousin, said the Origin of Species turned him to heredity; Hereditary Genius (1869) led to his eugenics, which scholarship rejects as scientifically and ethically untenable. F. Galton, Hereditary Genius (1869); Memories of My Life (1908); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डार्विन › 1809–1882
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
एलेन की
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Century of the Child (1900), under ‘the right of the child to choose its parents’, Key rejected Galton’s strict eugenic rules but accepted his principles. E. Key, Barnets århundrade (1900); Eng. The Century of the Child (1909)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलेन की › 1849–1926
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
माइकल सैंडेल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Sandel criticised Galton’s eugenics as a drive to mastery that ignores the giftedness of life, a problem inherited by ‘liberal eugenics’ (The Case against Perfection, 2007). M. J. Sandel, The Case against Perfection (2007), ch. 4 “Eugenics”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
माइकल सैंडेल › जन्म 1953
कृतियाँ
- 1869हेरेडिटरी जीनियस
प्रतिष्ठित पुरुषों की जीवनीगत सूचियों से तर्क देती है कि प्रतिभा विरासत में मिलती है और कथित क्षमता के अनुसार “नस्लों” को क्रमबद्ध करती है; इसने उस कार्यक्रम का मार्ग बनाया जिसे गाल्टन ने बाद में यूजेनिक्स कहा।
मत
Galton is on the map as an ideologue because the history and ethics of science treat him as the founder of eugenics, while his statistical methods are still used. He held that talent and character are inherited like physical traits and that society should increase the reproduction of the “able” and decrease that of the “unfit”. In “Hereditary Genius” he ranked “races” on a scale of supposed ability, placing Africans far below the English – a racist judgement without scientific basis. The eugenics movement he founded inspired sterilisation laws in the United States, Scandinavia and Germany and was absorbed into National Socialist racial policy; historians such as Daniel Kevles (1985) describe this history. Michael Sandel (2007) criticised the eugenic drive to mastery and its return in “liberal eugenics”. In 2020 University College London removed Galton’s name from its buildings. The debate about how to treat a founder of statistics who was also the founder of eugenics continues.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Francis Galton was born on 16 February 1822 in Birmingham into a wealthy Quaker family of bankers and gunmakers; Charles Darwin was his half-cousin. He studied medicine in Birmingham and London and mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge. An inheritance in 1844 made him independent. In 1850–52 he travelled through what is now Namibia and received the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his report; “The Art of Travel” (1855) became a widely used handbook. He worked on meteorology, published one of the first newspaper weather maps and described the anticyclone. After reading Darwin’s “Origin of Species” he turned to heredity: “Hereditary Genius” (1869), studies of twins, “Inquiries into Human Faculty” (1883), in which he coined the word “eugenics”, and “Natural Inheritance” (1889). He introduced correlation and regression and a classification of fingerprints that was adopted by the police. In 1904 he funded a eugenics research fellowship at University College London and bequeathed his fortune for a chair of eugenics. He was knighted in 1909 and died in Haslemere on 17 January 1911.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa (1853)
- The Art of Travel (1855)
- Hereditary Genius (1869)
- Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (1883)
- Natural Inheritance (1889)
- Finger Prints (1892)
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